Ko te tuku pūtake hiko pumau tētahi o ngā wero nui rawa atu o tēnei rautau. I ahu mai ngā wāhi rangahau i roto i ngā rauemi hauhake pūngao i tēnei hihiri, tae atu ki te thermoelectric1, te photovoltaic2 me te thermophotovoltaics3. Ahakoa kāore ā mātou rauemi me ngā taputapu e kaha ana ki te hauhake pūngao i roto i te awhe Joule, ko ngā rauemi pyroelectric ka taea te huri i te pūngao hiko ki ngā huringa pāmahana ā-wā e kiia ana he pūoko4 me he kaikohi pūngao5,6,7. I konei kua whakawhanakehia e mātou he kaikohi pūngao wera nui i roto i te ahua o te pūngao maha-paparanga i hangaia mai i te 42 karamu o te mata scandium tantalate, e whakaputa ana i te 11.2 J o te pūngao hiko mō ia huringa thermodynamic. Ka taea e ia kōwae pyroelectric te whakaputa i te kiato pūngao hiko tae atu ki te 4.43 J cm-3 mō ia huringa. E whakaatu ana hoki mātou e rua ngā kōwae pēnei e 0.3 karamu te taumaha he nui hei whakakaha tonu i ngā kaikohi pūngao motuhake me ngā pūmana iti me ngā pūoko pāmahana kua whakauruhia. Hei whakamutunga, e whakaatu ana mātou mō te awhe pāmahana o te 10 K, ka taea e ēnei pūngao maha-paparanga te eke ki te 40% te pai o Carnot. Ko ēnei āhuatanga nā (1) te huringa ā-wāhanga hiko-whakarewa mō te whai huatanga teitei, (2) te iti o te ia turuturu hei ārai i ngā ngaronga, me (3) te teitei o te ngaohiko pakaru. Kei te whakahouhia e ēnei mīhini kohi hiko-whakarewa nui, tauine me te whai hua te whakaputa hiko-whakarewa.
Ki te whakatauritea ki te pikinga pāmahana ā-wāhi e hiahiatia ana mō ngā rauemi thermoelectric, me huri te pāmahana i roto i te wā mō te hauhake pūngao o ngā rauemi thermoelectric. Ko te tikanga he huringa thermodynamic, e whakaahuahia pai ana e te hoahoa entropy (S)-temperature (T). E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1a i tētahi kauwhata ST noa o tētahi rauemi pyroelectric kore-raina (NLP) e whakaatu ana i te whakawhiti wāhanga ferroelectric-paraelectric e peia ana e te mara i roto i te scandium lead tantalate (PST). Ko ngā wāhanga kikorangi me te kakariki o te huringa i runga i te hoahoa ST e rite ana ki te pūngao hiko kua hurihia i roto i te huringa Olson (e rua ngā wāhanga isothermal me e rua ngā wāhanga isopole). I konei ka whakaarohia e mātou ngā huringa e rua me te huringa mara hiko kotahi (mara kei runga me te whakaweto) me te huringa pāmahana ΔT, ahakoa he rerekē ngā pāmahana tīmatanga. Kāore te huringa kakariki kei roto i te rohe whakawhiti wāhanga, nō reira he iti ake te horahanga i te huringa kikorangi kei roto i te rohe whakawhiti wāhanga. I roto i te hoahoa ST, ko te nui ake o te horahanga, ko te nui ake o te pūngao kua kohia. Nō reira, me nui ake te pūngao e kohia ana e te whakawhiti wāhanga. He tino rite te hiahia mō te huringa rohe nui i roto i te NLP ki te hiahia mō ngā tono hiko-wera9, 10, 11, 12 i reira kua whakaatuhia e ngā pūnga maha-paparanga PST (MLC) me ngā terpolymer e hangai ana ki te PVDF te mahi whakamuri pai rawa atu. Nō reira, kua tautuhia e mātou ngā PST MLC e hiahiatia ana mō te hauhake pūngao wera. Kua whakaahuatia katoatia ēnei tauira i roto i ngā tikanga, ā, kua tautuhia hoki i roto i ngā tuhipoka tāpiri 1 (mātakitaki i te karu hiko matawai), 2 (whakawhitinga hihi-X) me te 3 (calorimetry).
a, He tātuhi o tētahi kauwhata pāmahana-entropy (S) (T) me te papa hiko e whakakā ana, e whakaweto ana hoki i whakamahia ki ngā rauemi NLP e whakaatu ana i ngā whakawhiti ā-wāhanga. E rua ngā huringa kohikohinga pūngao e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā rohe pāmahana rerekē e rua. Ka puta ngā huringa kikorangi me te kakariki i roto, i waho hoki i te whakawhiti ā-wāhanga, ā, ka mutu i ngā rohe tino rerekē o te mata. b, e rua ngā mowhiti unipolar DE PST MLC, 1 mm te matotoru, i inehia i waenga i te 0 me te 155 kV cm-1 i te 20 °C me te 90 °C, me ngā huringa Olsen e rite ana. Ko ngā reta ABCD e pā ana ki ngā āhua rerekē i roto i te huringa Olson. AB: I utaina ngā MLC ki te 155 kV cm-1 i te 20°C. BC: I puritia te MLC ki te 155 kV cm-1 ā, i whakapikihia te pāmahana ki te 90 °C. CD: Ka tukuna te MLC ki te 90°C. DA: I whakamataohia te MLC ki te 20°C i roto i te ā-wāhanga kore. Ko te rohe kikorangi e rite ana ki te mana whakauru e hiahiatia ana hei tīmata i te huringa. Ko te rohe karaka ko te pūngao i kohia i roto i te huringa kotahi. c, te papa o runga, te ngaohiko (mangu) me te iahiko (whero) ki te wā, i aroturukihia i te huringa Olson kotahi me te b. Ko ngā whakaurunga e rua e tohu ana i te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko me te iahiko i ngā wāhi matua o te huringa. I te papa o raro, ko ngā kōpiko kōwhai me te matomato e tohu ana i ngā kōpiko pāmahana me te pūngao e rite ana, mō te MLC matotoru 1 mm. Ka tatauhia te pūngao mai i ngā kōpiko iahiko me te ngaohiko i te papa o runga. Ko te pūngao kino e rite ana ki te pūngao kua kohia. Ko ngā taahiraa e rite ana ki ngā reta matua i roto i ngā ahua e whā he rite tonu ki te huringa Olson. Ko te huringa AB'CD e rite ana ki te huringa Stirling (tuhipoka tāpiri 7).
ko E me D te mara hiko me te mara nekehanga hiko. Ka taea te whiwhi Nd mā te kore ā-tika mai i te ara iahiko DE (Pikitia 1b) mā te tīmata tika rānei i te huringa thermodynamic. Ko ngā tikanga tino whai hua i whakaahuahia e Olsen i roto i tana mahi tuatahi mō te kohikohi pūngao pyroelectric i ngā tau 198017.
Kei te pikitia 1b e whakaatu ana i ngā koropiko DE monopolar e rua o ngā tauira PST-MLC 1 mm te matotoru kua huihuia i te 20 °C me te 90 °C, ia, i runga i te whānuitanga o te 0 ki te 155 kV cm-1 (600 V). Ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei huringa e rua hei tatau ā-kore i te pūngao i kohia e te huringa Olson e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1a. Inaa, ko te huringa Olsen he rua ngā peka isofield (i konei, te mara kore i te peka DA me te 155 kV cm-1 i te peka BC) me ngā peka isothermal e rua (i konei, 20°С me te 20°С i te peka AB). C i te peka CD) Ko te pūngao i kohia i te huringa e rite ana ki ngā rohe karaka me te kikorangi (whakauru EdD). Ko te pūngao i kohia Nd ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te pūngao whakauru me te pūngao putanga, arā, ko te rohe karaka anake i te pikitia 1b. Ka hoatu e tēnei huringa Olson he mātotoru pūngao Nd o te 1.78 J cm-3. Ko te huringa Stirling he rerekētanga ki te huringa Olson (Tuhipoka Tāpiri 7). Nā te mea he māmā ake te tae atu ki te wāhanga utu pumau (ara iahiko tuwhera), ka eke te mātotoru pūngao i tangohia mai i te Pikitia 1b (huringa AB'CD) ki te 1.25 J cm-3. E 70% noa iho tēnei o ngā mea ka taea e te huringa Olson te kohi, engari mā ngā taputapu hauhake noa e taea ai.
Hei tāpiritanga, i ine tika mātou i te pūngao i kohia i te huringa Olson mā te whakakaha i te PST MLC mā te whakamahi i te wāhanga whakahaere pāmahana Linkam me te mita pūtake (tikanga). Kei te Pikitia 1c i te tihi me roto i ngā whakaurunga e whakaatu ana i te iahiko (whero) me te ngaohiko (mangu) i kohia i runga i te PST MLC matotoru 1 mm rite tonu ki te koropiko DE e haere ana i roto i te huringa Olson kotahi. Mā te iahiko me te ngaohiko ka taea te tatau i te pūngao i kohia, ā, kei te whakaatuhia ngā kōpiko i te pikitia 1c, raro (kakariki) me te pāmahana (kōwhai) puta noa i te huringa. Ko ngā reta ABCD e tohu ana i te huringa Olson kotahi i te Pikitia 1. Ka puta te utu MLC i te wā o te waewae AB, ā, ka mahia i te iahiko iti (200 µA), nō reira ka taea e SourceMeter te whakahaere tika i te utu. Ko te hua o tēnei iahiko tīmatanga pumau ko te kore o te kōpiko ngaohiko (kōpiko mangu) e rārangi nā te mara nekehanga pūmanawa kore-rārangi D PST (Pikitia 1c, whakaurunga o runga). I te mutunga o te utu, ka rongoatia te 30 mJ o te pūngao hiko ki roto i te MLC (pūwāhi B). Kātahi ka wera te MLC, ā, ka puta he au kino (nō reira he au kino) i te mea kei te 600 V tonu te ngaohiko. I muri i te 40 hēkona, i te taenga o te pāmahana ki te taumata 90 °C, ka whakatikatikaina tēnei au, ahakoa i whakaputa te tauira taahiraa i te hikohiko i te 35 mJ i roto i tēnei isofield (te tuarua o ngā whakaurunga i te Pikitia 1c, runga). Kātahi ka whakaitihia te ngaohiko i runga i te MLC (CD peka), ka hua ake he 60 mJ o te mahi hiko. Ko te pūngao putanga katoa he 95 mJ. Ko te pūngao i kohia ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te pūngao whakauru me te pūngao putanga, e homai ana he 95 – 30 = 65 mJ. E rite ana tēnei ki te kiato pūngao o te 1.84 J cm-3, he tino tata ki te Nd i tangohia mai i te mowhiti DE. Kua whakamatautauria whānuitia te kaha ki te whakaputa anō i tēnei huringa Olson (Tuhipoka Tāpiri 4). Mā te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko me te pāmahana, i tutuki i a mātou te 4.43 J cm-3 mā te whakamahi i ngā huringa Olsen i roto i te PST MLC matotoru 0.5 mm i runga i te awhe pāmahana o te 750 V (195 kV cm-1) me te 175 °C (Tuhipoka Tāpiri 5). E whā ngā wā nui ake tēnei i te mahi pai rawa atu i roto i ngā tuhinga mō ngā huringa Olson tika, ā, i whiwhihia i runga i ngā kiriata angiangi o te Pb(Mg,Nb)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm. Ripanga Tāpiri 1 mō ētahi atu uara i roto i ngā tuhinga). I tutuki tēnei mahi nā te iti rawa o te ia turuturu o ēnei MLC (<10−7 A i te 750 V me te 180 °C, tirohia ngā taipitopito i roto i te Tuhipoka Tāpiri 6)—he mea nui i whakahuatia e Smith et al.19—he rerekē ki ngā rauemi i whakamahia i roto i ngā rangahau o mua17,20. I tutuki tēnei mahi nā te iti rawa o te ia turuturu o ēnei MLC (<10−7 A i te 750 V me te 180 °C, tirohia ngā taipitopito i roto i te Tuhipoka Tāpiri 6)—he mea nui i whakahuatia e Smith et al.19—he rerekē ki ngā rauemi i whakamahia i roto i ngā rangahau o mua17,20. Эти характеристики были достигнуты благодаря очень низкому току утечки этих MLC (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, росм. дополнительном примечании 6) — критический момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. I tutuki ēnei āhuatanga nā te iti rawa o te ia turuturu o ēnei MLC (<10–7 A i te 750 V me te 180 °C, tirohia te Tuhipoka Tāpiri 6 mō ētahi atu kōrero) – he wāhi nui i whakahuatia e Smith et al. 19 – he rerekē ki ngā rauemi i whakamahia i roto i ngā rangahau o mua17,20.由于这些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V 和180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 中的说明6—细的详等人19 提到的关键点——相比之下，已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的1材方。由于 这些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A ， 参见 补充 说明 说明 6信息））））） — 等 人 19 提到 关键 关键 点 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下下 相比下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下，已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17.20。 Поскольку ток утечки этих MLC очень низкий (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. подробности в дополнительном пилечельном пилеч6) момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — для сравнения, были достигнуты эти характеристики. I te mea he tino iti te ia turuturu o ēnei MLC (<10–7 A i te 750 V me te 180 °C, tirohia te Tuhipoka Tāpiri 6 mō ētahi atu kōrero) – he kōrero matua i whakahuatia e Smith et al. 19 – hei whakataurite, i tutuki ēnei mahi.ki ngā rauemi i whakamahia i ngā rangahau o mua 17,20.
Ko ngā āhuatanga ōrite (600 V, 20–90 °C) i pā ki te huringa Stirling (Tuhipoka tāpiri 7). E ai ki ngā hua o te huringa DE, ko te hua he 41.0 mJ. Ko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino whakamiharo o ngā huringa Stirling ko tō rātou kaha ki te whakanui i te ngaohiko tuatahi mā te pānga hiko wera. I kite mātou i te pikinga ngaohiko tae atu ki te 39 (mai i te ngaohiko tuatahi o te 15 V ki te ngaohiko mutunga tae atu ki te 590 V, tirohia te Pikitia Tāpiri 7.2).
Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga motuhake o ēnei MLC ko te nui o ngā mea nui hei kohi pūngao i roto i te awhe joule. Nō reira, i hangaia e mātou he tauira hauhake (HARV1) mā te whakamahi i te 28 MLC PST he 1 mm te matotoru, e whai ana i te hoahoa pereti whakarara i whakaahuatia e Torello et al.14, i roto i te matihiko 7×4 e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia. Ko te wai dielectric kawe wera i roto i te manifold ka nekehia e te papu peristaltic i waenga i ngā puna wai e rua kei reira te pāmahana wai e mau tonu ana (tikanga). Kohia tae atu ki te 3.1 J mā te whakamahi i te huringa Olson i whakaahuatia i te pikitia 2a, ngā rohe isothermal i te 10°C me te 125°C me ngā rohe isofield i te 0 me te 750 V (195 kV cm-1). E rite ana tēnei ki te kiato pūngao o te 3.14 J cm-3. Mā te whakamahi i tēnei whakakotahitanga, i tangohia ngā inenga i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē (Pikitia 2b). Kia mōhio koe i whiwhihia te 1.8 J i runga i te awhe pāmahana o te 80 °C me te ngaohiko o te 600 V (155 kV cm-1). He rite tonu tēnei ki te 65 mJ kua whakahuatia i mua ake nei mō te PST MLC matotoru 1 mm i raro i ngā tikanga ōrite (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Te whakatūnga whakamātautau o tētahi tauira HARV1 kua huihuia i runga i te 28 MLC PSTs, 1 mm te matotoru (4 rarangi × 7 pou) e rere ana i runga i ngā huringa Olson. Mō ia o ngā takahanga huringa e whā, ka whakaratohia te pāmahana me te ngaohiko i roto i te tauira. Ka peia e te rorohiko tētahi papu peristaltic e huri ana i tētahi wai dielectric i waenga i ngā puna makariri me te wera, ngā takirere e rua, me tētahi pūtake hiko. Ka whakamahia hoki e te rorohiko ngā thermocouples hei kohi raraunga mō te ngaohiko me te iahiko i tukuna ki te tauira me te pāmahana o te whakakotahitanga mai i te pūtake hiko. b, Pūngao (tae) i kohia e tā mātou tauira MLC 4×7 me te awhe pāmahana (tuaka-X) me te ngaohiko (tuaka-Y) i roto i ngā whakamātautau rerekē.
I te putanga nui ake o te mīhini hauhake (HARV2) me te 60 PST MLC 1 mm te matotoru me te 160 PST MLC 0.5 mm te matotoru (41.7 karamu rauemi pyroelectric hohe) i puta ai te 11.2 J (Tuhipoka Tāpiri 8). I te tau 1984, i hangaia e Olsen he mīhini hauhake pūngao i runga i te 317 karamu o te matū Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 kua pania ki te tine ka taea te whakaputa i te 6.23 J o te hiko i te pāmahana tata ki te 150 °C (tohutoro 21). Mō tēnei whakakotahitanga, koinei anake te uara kē atu e wātea ana i roto i te awhe joule. Neke atu i te haurua te uara i whiwhihia e mātou, ā, tata ki te whitu ngā wā o te kounga. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te kiato pūngao o HARV2 he 13 ngā wā teitei ake.
Ko te roanga o te huringa HARV1 he 57 hēkona. I puta mai he 54 mW o te mana me ngā rarangi e 4 o ngā pou e 7 o ngā huinga MLC matotoru 1 mm. Hei neke atu i tēnei, i hangaia e mātou he huinga tuatoru (HARV3) me te PST MLC matotoru 0.5mm me te whakatakotoranga rite ki te HARV1 me te HARV2 (Tuhipoka Tāpiri 9). I inehia e mātou he wā whakamahana o te 12.5 hēkona. E rite ana tēnei ki te wā huringa o te 25 hēkona (Pikitia Tāpiri 9). Ko te pūngao kua kohia (47 mJ) ka homai he mana hiko o te 1.95 mW ia MLC, ka taea ai e mātou te whakaaro ka puta mai i te HARV2 he 0.55 W (tata ki te 1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC matotoru 0.5 mm). Hei tāpiri, i whakatauirahia e mātou te whakawhiti wera mā te whakamahi i te Whakatauira Huānga Mutunga (COMSOL, Tuhipoka Tāpiri 10 me ngā Ripanga Tāpiri 2–4) e rite ana ki ngā whakamātautau HARV1. Nā te whakatauira huānga mutunga kore i taea ai te matapae i ngā uara mana tata ki te teitei ake (430 mW) mō te maha o ngā pou PST mā te whakaiti i te MLC ki te 0.2 mm, te whakamahi i te wai hei whakamatao, me te whakahoki i te matihiko ki te 7 rarangi. × 4 ngā pou (hei tāpiri ki te , he 960 mW i te wā i tata ai te tāke ki te whakakotahitanga, Tāpiritanga Pikitia 10b).
Hei whakaatu i te whai huatanga o tēnei kaikohi, i whakamahia he huringa Stirling ki tētahi whakaaturanga motuhake e rua noa iho ngā MLC PST matotoru 0.5 mm hei kaikohi wera, he pana ngaohiko teitei, he pana ngaohiko iti me te pūnga rokiroki, he kaitahuri DC/DC, he pūmana iti mana, e rua ngā takirua wera me te kaitahuri whakanui (Tuhipoka Tāpiri 11). Me utu tuatahi te pūnga rokiroki ki te 9V, kātahi ka oma motuhake i te mea ko te pāmahana o ngā MLC e rua mai i te -5°C ki te 85°C, i konei i roto i ngā huringa o te 160 s (e whakaaturia ana ētahi huringa i roto i te Tuhipoka Tāpiri 11). He mea whakamiharo, e rua ngā MLC he 0.3g anake te taumaha ka taea te whakahaere motuhake i tēnei pūnaha nui. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga whakamere ko te kaha o te kaitahuri ngaohiko iti ki te huri i te 400V ki te 10-15V me te 79% te pai (Tuhipoka Tāpiri 11 me te Pikitia Tāpiri 11.3).
Hei whakamutunga, i arotakehia e mātou te whai huatanga o ēnei kōwae MLC ki te huri i te pūngao wera ki te pūngao hiko. Ko te tauwehenga kounga η o te whai huatanga e tautuhia ana ko te ōwehenga o te mātotoru o te pūngao hiko kua kohia Nd ki te mātotoru o te wera kua tukuna Qin (Tuhipoka tāpiri 12):
E whakaatu ana ngā Pikitia 3a,b i te whai huatanga η me te whai huatanga taurite ηr o te huringa Olsen, ia, hei mahi a te awhe pāmahana o te PST MLC matotoru 0.5 mm. E rua ngā huinga raraunga e hoatu ana mō te mara hiko o te 195 kV cm-1. Ko te whai huatanga \(\this\) e eke ana ki te 1.43%, he rite ki te 18% o te ηr. Heoi, mō te awhe pāmahana o te 10 K mai i te 25 °C ki te 35 °C, ka eke te ηr ki ngā uara tae atu ki te 40% (te pihi kikorangi i te Pikitia 3b). He rua tēnei uara e mōhiotia ana mō ngā rauemi NLP i tuhia ki ngā kiriata PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) i te awhe pāmahana o te 10 K me te 300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18). Kāore i whakaarohia ngā awhe pāmahana i raro i te 10 K nā te mea kei waenganui i te 5 me te 8 K te hysteresis wera o te PST MLC. He mea nui te mōhio ki te pānga pai o ngā whakawhiti wāhanga ki te whai huatanga. Ina hoki, ko ngā uara tino pai o η me ηr ka riro katoa i te pāmahana tīmatanga Ti = 25°C i ngā Pikitia 3a,b. Nā te whakawhiti ā-wāhanga katia tēnei ina kore he āpure e whakamahia ana, ā, ko te pāmahana Curie TC kei te 20°C i roto i ēnei MLC (Tuhipoka tāpiri 13).
a,b, te whai huatanga η me te whai huatanga ōrite o te huringa Olson (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot}} mō te hiko mōrahi mā te mara o te 195 kV cm-1 me ngā pāmahana tīmatanga rerekē Ti, }}\,\)(b) mō te MPC PST he 0.5 mm te matotoru, i runga i te wā pāmahana ΔTspan.
E rua ngā pānga nui o tēnei kitenga whakamutunga: (1) me tīmata te huringa whai hua i ngā pāmahana kei runga ake i te TC kia puta ai te whakawhiti wāhanga i puta mai i te mara (mai i te paraelectric ki te ferroelectric); (2) he pai ake te whai hua o ēnei rauemi i ngā wā oma tata ki te TC. Ahakoa e whakaatuhia ana ngā whai huatanga nui i roto i ā mātou whakamātautau, kāore te awhe pāmahana iti e āhei ai mātou ki te whakatutuki i ngā whai huatanga tino nui nā te rohe Carnot (\(\Delta T/T\)). Heoi, ko te whai huatanga pai i whakaaturia e ēnei PST MLC e whakamana ana i a Olsen i tana whakahua "he motuka thermoelectric whakaora akomanga 20 pai e mahi ana i ngā pāmahana i waenga i te 50 °C me te 250 °C ka taea te whai huatanga o te 30%"17. Hei whakatutuki i ēnei uara me te whakamātautau i te ariā, he pai ki te whakamahi i ngā PST kua tāpirihia me ngā TC rerekē, e ai ki tā Shebanov rāua ko Borman i ako. I whakaatuhia e rāua ka rerekē te TC i roto i te PST mai i te 3°C (te tāpiritanga Sb) ki te 33°C (te tāpiritanga Ti) 22. Nō reira, e whakapae ana mātou ka taea e ngā kaiwhakaora hiko o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei i runga i ngā PST MLC kua tāpirihia, i ētahi atu rauemi rānei me te whakawhiti wāhanga tuatahi kaha te whakataetae ki ngā mīhini hauhake hiko pai rawa atu.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i tirotirohia e mātou ngā MLC i hangaia mai i te PST. Kei roto i ēnei taputapu he raupapa o ngā irahiko Pt me te PST, e honoa ana ētahi pūnga whakarara. I whiriwhiria te PST nā te mea he rauemi EC pai rawa atu, nō reira he rauemi NLP pai rawa atu pea. He koi te whakawhiti wāhanga ferroelectric-paraelectric tuatahi tata ki te 20 °C, e tohu ana he rite tonu ōna huringa entropy ki ērā e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1. Kua whakaahuatia katoatia ngā MLC rite mō ngā taputapu EC13,14. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamahia e mātou ngā MLC 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ me te 10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³. I hangaia ngā MLC he matotoru o te 1 mm me te 0.5 mm mai i ngā paparanga 19 me te 9 o te PST he matotoru o te 38.6 µm. I ngā take e rua, i whakanohoia te paparanga PST o roto i waenganui i ngā irahiko konukawata 2.05 µm te matotoru. E whakaarohia ana e te hoahoa o ēnei MLC he 55% o ngā PST he kaha, e rite ana ki te wāhanga i waenganui i ngā irahiko (Tuhipoka Tāpiri 1). Ko te horahanga irahiko kaha he 48.7 mm2 (Ripanga Tāpiri 5). I whakaritea te MLC PST mā te tikanga tauhohenga ā-wāhanga totoka me te tikanga maka. Kua whakaahuahia ngā taipitopito o te tukanga whakarite i roto i tētahi tuhinga o mua14. Ko tētahi o ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te PST MLC me te tuhinga o mua ko te raupapa o ngā pae-B, e tino pā ana ki te mahi a te EC i roto i te PST. Ko te raupapa o ngā pae-B o te PST MLC he 0.75 (Tuhipoka Tāpiri 2) i whiwhi mā te whakawera i te 1400°C, ā, i muri mai ko te whakamahana mō ngā rau hāora i te 1000°C. Mō ētahi atu kōrero mō te PST MLC, tirohia ngā Tuhipoka Tāpiri 1-3 me te Ripanga Tāpiri 5.
Ko te ariā matua o tēnei rangahau e ahu mai ana i te huringa Olson (Pikitia 1). Mō tēnei huringa, me whai puna wai wera me te puna wai matao, me te pūtake hiko e taea ai te aroturuki me te whakahaere i te ngaohiko me te iahiko i roto i ngā momo kōwae MLC. E rua ngā whirihoranga rerekē i whakamahia e ēnei huringa tika, arā, (1) ngā kōwae Linkam e whakamahana ana, e whakamatao ana i tētahi MLC e hono ana ki tētahi pūtake hiko Keithley 2410, me (2) ngā tauira e toru (HARV1, HARV2 me HARV3) e whakarara ana me te pūtake hiko kotahi. I roto i te take whakamutunga, i whakamahia he wai dielectric (hinu silicone me te matotoru o te 5 cP i te 25°C, i hokona mai i Sigma Aldrich) mō te whakawhiti wera i waenga i ngā puna wai e rua (wera me te matao) me te MLC. Ko te puna wai wera he ipu karāhe kua whakakiia ki te wai dielectric, ā, kua whakatakotoria ki runga i te pereti wera. Ko te rokiroki matao he kaukau wai me ngā ngongo wai kei roto te wai dielectric i roto i tētahi ipu kirihou nui kua whakakiia ki te wai me te hukapapa. E rua ngā takirere pītiti ara-toru (i hokona mai i Bio-Chem Fluidics) i whakanohoia ki ia pito o te whakakotahitanga hei whakawhiti tika i te wai mai i tētahi puna wai ki tētahi atu (Pikitia 2a). Hei whakarite i te taurite wera i waenga i te kete PST-MLC me te wai whakamatao, i whakaroahia te wā huringa tae noa ki te whakaatu i te pāmahana ōrite o ngā takirua wera tomo me te putanga (kia tata ki te kete PST-MLC). Ka whakahaere, ka tukutahi hoki te tuhinga Python i ngā taputapu katoa (ngā mita pūtake, ngā papu, ngā takirere, me ngā takirua wera) hei whakahaere i te huringa Olson tika, arā, ka tīmata te huringa o te koropiko wai whakamatao i roto i te puranga PST i muri i te utunga o te mita pūtake kia wera ai i te ngaohiko e hiahiatia ana mō te huringa Olson kua hoatu.
Heoi anō, kua whakaūhia e mātou ēnei inenga tika o te pūngao kua kohia mā roto i ngā tikanga ā-kore. Ko ēnei tikanga ā-kore e hangai ana ki ngā koropiko nekehanga hiko (D) – mara hiko (E) kua kohia i ngā pāmahana rerekē, ā, mā te tatau i te horahanga i waenganui i ngā koropiko DE e rua, ka taea te whakatau tika i te nui o te pūngao ka taea te kohi, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia. i te pikitia 2. .1b. Ka kohia hoki ēnei koropiko DE mā te whakamahi i ngā mita pūtake Keithley.
E rua tekau mā waru ngā PST MLC matotoru 1 mm i huihuia ki roto i tētahi hanganga pereti whakarara e 4-rārangi, 7-pou, e ai ki te hoahoa i whakaahuatia i roto i te tohutoro. 14. Ko te āputa wai i waenga i ngā rārangi PST-MLC he 0.75mm. Ka tutuki tēnei mā te tāpiri i ngā rīpene taha-rua hei whakawātea wai huri noa i ngā taha o te PST MLC. Ka honoa te PST MLC ki te hiko whakarara me tētahi piriti epoxy hiriwa e pā ana ki ngā taura hiko. Whai muri i tēnā, ka whakapirihia ngā waea ki te kapia epoxy hiriwa ki ia taha o ngā pito hiko hei hononga ki te pūtake hiko. Hei whakamutunga, whakauruhia te hanganga katoa ki roto i te ngongo polyolefin. Ka whakapirihia te mea whakamutunga ki te ngongo wai kia tika ai te hiri. Hei whakamutunga, i hangaia ngā thermocouples momo-K matotoru 0.25 mm ki ia pito o te hanganga PST-MLC hei aroturuki i te pāmahana wai e tomo ana me te putanga. Hei mahi i tēnei, me poka tuatahi te ngongo. Whai muri i te tāutanga o te thermocouple, tāpirihia te piripiri kotahi i mua i waenga i te ngongo thermocouple me te waea hei whakahoki i te hiri.
E waru ngā tauira motuhake i hangaia, e whā o ēnei he 40 ngā MLC PST he 0.5 mm te matotoru kua tohatohahia hei pereti whakarara me te 5 ngā pou me te 8 ngā rarangi, ā, ko ngā toenga e whā he 15 ngā MLC PST he 1 mm te matotoru ia pereti. I roto i te hanganga pereti whakarara he 3-pou × 5-rarangi. Ko te tapeke o ngā PST MLC i whakamahia he 220 (160 he 0.5 mm te matotoru me te 60 PST MLC he 1 mm te matotoru). Ka huaina e mātou ēnei wāhanga e rua ko HARV2_160 me HARV2_60. Ko te āputa wai i roto i te tauira HARV2_160 he rīpene taha-rua e rua he 0.25 mm te matotoru me te waea he 0.25 mm te matotoru i waenganui i a rāua. Mō te tauira HARV2_60, i whakahokia e mātou te tukanga kotahi, engari mā te whakamahi i te waea he 0.38 mm te matotoru. Mō te ōritetanga, he ara iahiko wai, he papu, he takirere me te taha makariri motuhake ā HARV2_160 me HARV2_60 (Tuhipoka Tāpiri 8). E rua ngā waeine HARV2 e whakamahi tahi ana i tētahi puna wera, he ipu 3 rita (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) i runga i ngā pereti wera e rua me ngā aukume hurihuri. E waru ngā tauira takitahi e honoa ana ki te hiko i roto i te whakarara. Ka mahi tahi ngā waeine HARV2_160 me HARV2_60 i roto i te huringa Olson, ā, ka hua ake he hauhake pūngao o te 11.2 J.
Whakatakotoria te PST MLC matotoru 0.5mm ki roto i te ngongo polyolefin me te rīpene taha rua me te waea i ngā taha e rua hei waihanga wāhi mō te rere o te wai. Nā te iti o te rahi, i whakanohoia te tauira ki te taha o te takirere puna wera, makariri rānei, kia iti ake ai te wā huringa.
I roto i te PST MLC, ka whakamahia he āpure hiko pumau mā te whakamahi i te ngaohiko pumau ki te peka whakamahana. Nō reira, ka puta he iahiko wera kino, ā, ka rongoatia te pūngao. Whai muri i te whakamahana i te PST MLC, ka tangohia te āpure (V = 0), ā, ka whakahokia te pūngao kua rongoatia ki roto ki te kaute pūtake, e rite ana ki tētahi atu takoha o te pūngao kua kohia. Hei whakamutunga, me te ngaohiko V = 0 kua whakamahia, ka whakamataohia ngā MLC PST ki tō rātou pāmahana tīmatanga kia taea ai te tīmata anō te huringa. I tēnei wā, kāore te pūngao e kohia. I whakahaerehia e mātou te huringa Olsen mā te whakamahi i te Keithley 2410 SourceMeter, me te utu i te PST MLC mai i te pūtake ngaohiko, me te whakatakoto i te taurite o te iahiko ki te uara tika kia nui ai ngā tohu i kohia i te wā utu mō ngā tataunga pūngao pono.
I roto i ngā huringa Stirling, i utaina ngā PST MLC i te aratau pūtake ngaohiko i te uara o te mara hiko tīmatanga (ngaohiko tīmatanga Vi > 0), he iahiko tutuki e hiahiatia ana kia roa ai te taahiraa utu mō te 1 hēkona (ā, ka kohia he nui ngā pūwāhi hei tatau pono i te pūngao) me te pāmahana makariri. I roto i ngā huringa Stirling, i utaina ngā PST MLC i te aratau pūtake ngaohiko i te uara o te mara hiko tīmatanga (ngaohiko tīmatanga Vi > 0), he iahiko tutuki e hiahiatia ana kia roa ai te taahiraa utu mō te 1 hēkona (ā, ka kohia he nui ngā pūwāhi hei tatau pono i te pūngao) me te pāmahana makariri. В циклах Стирлинга PST MLC заряжались в режиме источника напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля, начальрь > желаемом податливом токе, так что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точекта для для энергия) и холодная температура. I roto i ngā huringa Stirling PST MLC, i utua rātou i roto i te aratau pūtake ngaohiko i te uara tīmatanga o te mara hiko (ngaohiko tīmatanga Vi > 0), te iahiko hua e hiahiatia ana, kia tata ki te 1 hēkona te roa o te wāhanga utu (ā, he nui ngā pūwāhi ka kohia hei tatau pūngao pono) me te pāmahana makariri.在斯特林循环中，PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi > 0）充电，所需的顺应电流使得充电步骤大约需要1秒（并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量）和低温。 I te huringa matua, ka utaina te PST MLC i te uara o te mara hiko tuatahi (ngaohiko tuatahi Vi > 0) i te aratau pūtake ngaohiko, kia tata ki te 1 hēkona te roa o te iahiko tutuki e hiahiatia ana mō te taahiraa utu (ā, i kohia e mātou he nui ngā tohu hei tatau pono i te (pūngao) me te pāmahana iti. В цикле Стирлинга PST MLC заряжается в режиме источника напряжения с начальным значением электрического полня (на чалььго) требуемый ток податливости таков, что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точсико, радчство точик энергию) и низкие температуры. I roto i te huringa Stirling, ka utaina te PST MLC i roto i te aratau pūtake ngaohiko me te uara tīmatanga o te mara hiko (ngaohiko tīmatanga Vi > 0), ko te iahiko tutuki e hiahiatia ana kia tata ki te 1 hēkona te roa o te wāhanga utu (ā, ka kohia he maha o ngā pūwāhi hei tatau pono i te pūngao) me ngā pāmahana iti.I mua i te wera o te PST MLC, whakatuwheratia te ara iahiko mā te whakamahi i te iahiko ōrite o I = 0 mA (ko te iahiko ōrite iti rawa ka taea e tā tātou pūtake ine te whakahaere ko te 10 nA). Nō reira, ka noho tonu he utu ki roto i te PST o te MJK, ā, ka piki ake te ngaohiko i te wera haere o te tauira. Kāore he pūngao e kohia ana i roto i te ringa BC nā te mea ko I = 0 mA. I muri i te taenga ki te pāmahana teitei, ka piki ake te ngaohiko i roto i te MLT FT (i ētahi wā neke atu i te 30 ngā wā, tirohia te pikitia tāpiri 7.2), ka tukuna te MLK FT (V = 0), ā, ka rongoatia te pūngao hiko ki roto i a rātou mō te mea kotahi te utu tuatahi. Ka whakahokia te ōrite o te iahiko ki te pūtake mita. Nā te pikinga ngaohiko, he teitei ake te pūngao kua rongoatia i te pāmahana teitei i tērā i whakaratohia i te tīmatanga o te huringa. Nō reira, ka whiwhi pūngao mā te huri i te wera hei hiko.
I whakamahia e mātou he Keithley 2410 SourceMeter hei aroturuki i te ngaohiko me te iahiko e whakamahia ana ki te PST MLC. Ka tatauhia te pūngao e rite ana mā te whakauru i te hua o te ngaohiko me te iahiko e pānuihia ana e te mita pūtake a Keithley, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\tau }{I}_({\rm {meas))}\left(t\ right){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), ko τ te wā o te wā. I runga i tā mātou pihinga pūngao, ko ngā uara pūngao pai ko te pūngao me hoatu e mātou ki te MLC PST, ā, ko ngā uara kino ko te pūngao ka tangohia e mātou mai i a rātou, nō reira ko te pūngao i whiwhihia. Ka whakatauhia te mana whanaunga mō tētahi huringa kohikohinga mā te wehewehe i te pūngao i kohia mā te wā τ o te huringa katoa.
Kei roto i te tuhinga matua, i ngā kōrero tāpiri rānei ngā raraunga katoa. Me tuku ngā reta me ngā tono rauemi ki te pūtake o ngā raraunga AT, ED rānei i whakaratohia mai i roto i tēnei tuhinga.
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Ka mihi nui ki a N. Furusawa, Y. Inoue, me K. Honda mō tā rātou āwhina i te waihangatanga o te MLC. PL, AT, YN, AA, JL, UP, VK, OB me ED. Ngā mihi nui ki te Luxembourg National Research Foundation (FNR) mō te tautoko i tēnei mahi mā CAMELHEAT C17/MS/11703691/Defay, MASSENA PRIDE/15/10935404/Defay- Siebentritt, THERMODIMAT C20/MS/14718071/Defay me BRIDGES2021/MS/16282302/CECOHA/Defay.
Tari Rangahau me te Hangarau Rauemi, Te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Luxembourg (LIST), Belvoir, Luxembourg