Paerewa hua
l. Waea enamel
1.1 paerewa hua o te waea porowhita enamel: paerewa raupapa gb6109-90; paerewa mana whakahaere ā-ahumahi zxd/j700-16-2001
1.2 paerewa hua o te waea papatahi enamelled: raupapa gb/t7095-1995
Paerewa mō ngā tikanga whakamātautau o ngā waea porowhita me ngā waea papatahi kua whakakikoruatia ki te enamel: gb/t4074-1999
Raina takai pepa
2.1 paerewa hua o te waea porowhita takai pepa: gb7673.2-87
2.2 paerewa hua o te waea papatahi kua takaihia ki te pepa: gb7673.3-87
Paerewa mō ngā tikanga whakamātautau o ngā waea porowhita me ngā waea papatahi: gb/t4074-1995
paerewa
Paerewa hua: gb3952.2-89
Paerewa tikanga: gb4909-85, gb3043-83
Waea parahi tahanga
4.1 paerewa hua o te waea porowhita parahi tahanga: gb3953-89
4.2 paerewa hua o te waea parahi papatahi: gb5584-85
Paerewa tikanga whakamātautau: gb4909-85, gb3048-83
Waea takai
Waea porowhita gb6i08.2-85
Waea papatahi gb6iuo.3-85
Ko te paerewa e aro nui ana ki te raupapa whakatakotoranga me te rerekētanga o te rahinga
Ko ngā paerewa o tāwāhi e whai ake nei:
Paerewa hua Hapanihi sc3202-1988, paerewa tikanga whakamātautau: jisc3003-1984
Paerewa Amerika wml000-1997
Te Komihana Hikohiko o te Ao mcc317
Te whakamahinga āhuatanga
1. He pai te kaha miihini, te piri, te ātete ki te hinu whakawhiti me te hauhautanga o te waea enamelled acetal, he pai te ātete ki te hinu whakawhiti me te hauhautanga. Heoi, he iti te ātete o te hua ki te makuku, he iti te pāmahana pakaru o te whakangawari wera, he ngoikore te mahi o te whakarewa whakauru waipiro benzene pakari, me ētahi atu. He iti noa iho te nui e whakamahia ana mō te takai i te whakawhiti hinu me te motuka kī tonu i te hinu.
Waea enamel
Waea enamel
2. Ko te taumata wera o te raina paninga polyester noa o te polyester me te polyester whakarerekētia he 130, ā, ko te taumata wera o te raina paninga whakarerekētia he 155. He teitei te kaha miihini o te hua, ā, he pai te ngāwari, te piri, te mahi hiko me te ātete whakarewa. Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te ātete wera me te ātete pānga iti me te ātete makuku iti. Koinei te momo nui rawa atu i Haina, e rua hautoru te rahi, ā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo motuka, hiko, taputapu, taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā taputapu whare.
3. waea paninga polyurethane; tohu wera 130, 155, 180, 200. Ko ngā āhuatanga matua o tēnei hua ko te whakarewa tika, te ātete auau teitei, te ngāwari ki te tae me te ātete makuku pai. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā taputapu hiko me ngā taputapu tika, ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā taputapu. Ko te ngoikoretanga o tēnei hua ko te ngoikore o te kaha miihini, te kore e teitei te ātete wera, me te ngoikore o te ngāwari me te piri o te raina whakaputa. Nō reira, ko ngā whakaritenga whakaputa o tēnei hua he iti, he moroiti hoki ngā raina angiangi.
4. He waea paninga peita hiato polyester imide/polyamide, he wera 180 te taumata. He pai te ātete o te hua ki te wera, he teitei te pāmahana whakangawari me te pakaru, he kaha miihini pai, he pai te ātete ki te whakarewa me te ātete ki te huka. Ko te ngoikoretanga he ngāwari ki te waikura i raro i ngā āhuatanga kati, ā, he whānui te whakamahinga i roto i ngā takai pēnei i te motuka, ngā taputapu hiko, ngā taputapu hiko, ngā taputapu hiko, ngā whakawhiti hiko momo maroke me ētahi atu.
5. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te pūnaha waea paninga hiato polyester IMIM / polyamide imide i roto i te raina paninga ātete wera o te whare me tāwāhi, ko tōna taumata wera he 200, he teitei te ātete wera o te hua, ā, he āhuatanga anō hoki o te ātete huka, te ātete makariri me te ātete hihi, te kaha miihini teitei, te mahi hiko pumau, te ātete matū pai me te ātete makariri, me te kaha taumaha nui. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i te pūwero pouaka whakamātao, te pūwero hauhautanga, ngā taputapu hiko, ngā motuka me ngā motuka ātete pahū me ngā taputapu hiko i raro i te pāmahana teitei, te pāmahana teitei, te ātete pāmahana teitei, te ātete hihi, te taumaha nui me ētahi atu āhuatanga.
whakamātautau
I muri i te hanganga o te hua, me arotake mā te tirotiro mēnā kei te tutuki tōna āhua, tōna rahi me tōna mahi i ngā paerewa hangarau o te hua me ngā whakaritenga o te whakaaetanga hangarau a te kaiwhakamahi. Whai muri i te ine me te whakamātautau, me te whakataurite ki ngā paerewa hangarau o te hua, ki te whakaaetanga hangarau rānei a te kaiwhakamahi, ka tohua te hunga whai tohu, ki te kore, kāore rātou i te whai tohu. Mā te tirotiro, ka taea te whakaata i te pumau o te kounga o te raina paninga me te tika o te hangarau rauemi. Nō reira, ko te mahi a te tirotiro kounga he tirotiro, he ārai me te tautuhi. Ko ngā ihirangi tirotiro o te raina paninga ko: te āhua, te tirotiro i ngā ine me te ine me te whakamātautau mahi. Kei roto i te mahi ngā āhuatanga miihini, matū, wera me te hiko. Inaianei ka whakamāramahia e mātou te āhua me te rahi.
mata
(āhua) me maeneene, me maeneene hoki, kia ōrite te tae, kāore he matūriki, kāore he waikura, he huruhuru, he mata o roto, o waho hoki, he ira pango, he tango peita me ētahi atu hapa e pā ana ki te mahi. Me papatahi te whakatakotoranga o te rārangi, me piri ki te kōpae ipurangi, me te kore e pēhi i te rārangi, me te kore e hoki whakamuri noa. He maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te mata, e pā ana ki ngā rauemi mata, ngā taputapu, te hangarau, te taiao me ētahi atu āhuatanga.
rahi
2.1 Ko ngā āhuatanga o te waea porowhita enamel ko: te āhuatanga o waho (diameter o waho) d, te diameter o te arataki D, te rerekētanga o te arataki △ D, te porowhita o te arataki F, te matotoru o te kiriata peita t
2.1.1 ko te whānui o waho e pā ana ki te whānui i inehia i muri i te paninga o te ara iahiko ki tētahi kiriata peita ārai.
2.1.2 ko te whānui o te ara iahiko e pā ana ki te whānui o te waea whakarewa i muri i te tangohanga o te paparanga whakamarumaru.
2.1.3 Ko te rerekētanga o te ara iahiko e pā ana ki te rerekētanga i waenga i te uara inehia o te diameter o te ara iahiko me te uara ingoa.
2.1.4 ko te uara o te kore porowhita (f) e pā ana ki te rerekētanga mōrahi i waenga i te pānui mōrahi me te pānui iti rawa i inehia i runga i ia wāhanga o te ara iahiko.
2.2 tikanga ine
2.2.1 taputapu ine: maikoromita maikoromita, tika o.002mm
Ina takaihia te peita ki te waea d < 0.100mm, ko te kaha he 0.1-1.0n, ā, ko te kaha he 1-8n ina ko te D he ≥ 0.100mm; ko te kaha o te raina papatahi kua pania ki te peita he 4-8n.
2.2.2 te whānui o waho
2.2.2.1 (rārangi porowhita) ina iti iho i te 0.200mm te whānui ingoa o te ara iahiko D, inehia te whānui o waho kotahi i ngā tūranga e 3 e 1m te tawhiti, tuhia kia 3 ngā uara ine, ā, tangohia te uara toharite hei whānui o waho.
2.2.2.2 Ina nui ake te diameter ingoa o te ara iahiko D i te 0.200mm, ka inehia te diameter o waho e 3 ngā wā i ia tūranga i ngā tūranga e rua e 1m te wehe, ā, ka tuhia kia 6 ngā uara ine, ā, ka tangohia te uara toharite hei diameter o waho.
2.2.2.3 me ine kotahi te ine o te taha whānui me te taha whaiti i ngā tūranga 100mm3, ā, ko te uara toharite o ngā uara ine e toru me tango hei ine whānui o te taha whānui me te taha whaiti.
2.2.3 rahi o te arataki
2.2.3.1 (waea porowhita) ina iti iho i te 0.200mm te whānui ingoa o te ara iahiko D, me tango te whakamarumaru mā tetahi tikanga, me te kore e pakaru te ara iahiko i ngā tūranga e 3, 1m te tawhiti tetahi i tetahi. Me ine kotahi te whānui o te ara iahiko: tangohia tōna uara toharite hei whānui ara iahiko.
2.2.3.2 Ina nui ake te diameter ingoa o te ara iahiko D i te 0.200mm, tangohia te whakamarumaru mā tetahi tikanga, kaua e kino ki te ara iahiko, ā, inehia motuhaketia i ngā tūranga e toru kua tohatohahia kia ōrite te porowhita o te ara iahiko, ā, tangohia te uara toharite o ngā uara ine e toru hei diameter ara iahiko.
2.2.2.3 (waea papatahi) he 10 mm3 te tawhiti, ā, me tango te whakamarumaru mā tetahi tikanga, me te kore e pakaru te ara iahiko. Me ine kotahi te rahi o te taha whānui me te taha whaiti, ā, ko te uara toharite o ngā uara ine e toru me tango hei rahi ara iahiko o te taha whānui me te taha whaiti.
2.3 tātaitanga
2.3.1 te rerekētanga = D inehia – D ingoa
2.3.2 f = te rerekētanga mōrahi o tētahi pānui diameter i inehia i ia wāhanga o te ara iahiko
2.3.3t = inenga DD
Tauira 1: he pereti waea enamel qz-2/130 0.71omm te roa, ā, ko te uara ine e whai ake nei
Ko te whānui o waho: 0.780, 0.778, 0.781, 0.776, 0.779, 0.779; ko te whānui o te ara iahiko: 0.706, 0.709, 0.712. Ka tatauhia te whānui o waho, te whānui o te ara iahiko, te rerekētanga, te uara F, me te matotoru o te kiriata peita, ā, ka aromatawaihia te tohu.
Otinga: d= (0.780+0.778+0.781+0.776+0.779+0.779) /6=0.779mm, d= (0.706+0.709+0.712) /3=0.709mm, rerekētanga = D inehia te ingoa = 0.709-0.710=-0.001mm, f = 0.712-0.706=0.006, t = uara inehia te DD = 0.779-0.709=0.070mm
E whakaatu ana te inenga kua tutuki i te rahi o te rārangi paninga ngā whakaritenga paerewa.
2.3.4 rārangi papatahi: kiriata peita matotoru 0.11 < & ≤ 0.16mm, kiriata peita noa 0.06 < & < 0.11mm
Amax = a + △ + &max, Bmax = b+ △ + &max, ina kore te diameter o waho o AB e neke atu i te Amax me te Bmax, ka whakaaetia te matotoru o te kiriata kia neke atu i te &max, ko te rerekētanga o te rahinga ingoa a (b) a (b) ＜ 3.155 ± 0.030, 3.155 < a (b) ＜ 6.30 ± 0.050, 6.30 < B ≤ 12.50 ± 0.07, 12.50 < B ≤ 16.00 ± 0.100.
Hei tauira, 2: te rārangi papatahi o nāianei qzyb-2/180 2.36 × 6.30mm, ko ngā inenga a: 2.478, 2.471, 2.469; a:2.341, 2.340, 2.340; b:6.450, 6.448, 6.448; b:6.260, 6.258, 6.259. Ka tatauhia te matotoru, te whānui o waho me te ara iahiko o te kiriata peita, ā, ka aromatawaitia te tohu.
Otinga: a= (2.478+2.471+2.469) /3=2.473; b= (6.450+6.448+6.448) /3=6.449;
a=（2.341+2.340+2.340）/3=2.340；b=（6.260+6.258+6.259）/3=6.259
Matotoru o te kiriata: 2.473-2.340=0.133mm i te taha a me 6.499-6.259=0.190mm i te taha B.
Ko te take mō te rahi o te ara iahiko kāore i te tino tika, ko te nuinga o te wā he pēhanga i te wā e peitahia ana, he whakatikatika hē i te piri o ngā topenga whatu i ia wāhanga, he hurihuri uaua rānei o te whakatakotoranga me te wira arataki, me te kume i te waea kia angiangi engari ko ngā hapa huna, ko ngā whakaritenga koretake rānei o te ara iahiko kua oti te whakaoti.
Ko te take matua mō te rahi koretake o te ārai o te kiriata peita, ko te kore e tika te whakarite o te huruhuru, te kore rānei e tika te whakanoho o te pokepokea ai, me te kore hoki e tika te tāutanga o te pokepokea ai. Hei tāpiri, ko te huringa o te tere tukatuka, te matotoru o te peita, te ihirangi totoka me ētahi atu mea ka pā ki te matotoru o te kiriata peita.

mahi
3.1 ngā āhuatanga ā-ringa: tae atu ki te roa, te koki whakahoki, te ngawari me te piri, te waru peita, te kaha kume, me ētahi atu.
3.1.1 e whakaata ana te roa o te waea i te kirihou o te rauemi, e whakamahia ana hei aromatawai i te ngāwari o te waea enamel.
3.1.2 Ko te koki o te pūangi me te ngawari e whakaata ana i te whakarerekētanga ngāwari o ngā rauemi, ka taea te whakamahi hei aromatawai i te ngawari o te waea enamel.
Ko te roa, te koki whakamuri me te ngawari e whakaata ana i te kounga o te parahi me te taumata whakamahana o te waea enamel. Ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te roa me te koki whakamuri o te waea enamel ko (1) te kounga o te waea; (2) te kaha o waho; (3) te taumata whakamahana.
3.1.3 kei roto i te pakari o te kiriata peita te takai me te totoro, arā, te rerekētanga totoro e whakaaetia ana o te kiriata peita e kore e whati i te rerekētanga totoro o te ara iahiko.
3.1.4 Ko te piri o te kiriata peita ko te tere o te pakaru me te tihore. Ko te kaha piri o te kiriata peita ki te ara iahiko te mea matua e arotakehia ana.
3.1.5 Ko te whakamātautau ātete ki te rakuraku o te kiriata peita waea enamel e whakaata ana i te kaha o te kiriata peita ki te rakuraku miihini.
3.2 ātete wera: tae atu ki te ru wera me te whakamātautau pakaru whakangawari.
3.2.1 Ko te ru wera o te waea enamel ko te manawanui wera o te kiriata paninga o te waea enamel papatipu i raro i te mahi a te ahotea miihini.
Ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te ru wera: te peita, te waea parahi me te tukanga enameling.
3.2.3 Ko te mahi whakangawari me te pakaru o te waea enamel he mehua o te kaha o te kiriata peita o te waea enamel ki te tu atu i te whakarerekētanga wera i raro i te kaha miihini, arā, ko te kaha o te kiriata peita i raro i te pēhanga ki te whakakirihou me te whakangawari i te pāmahana teitei. Ko te mahi whakangawari me te pakaru wera o te kiriata waea enamel e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hanganga ngota o te kiriata me te kaha i waenga i ngā mekameka ngota.
3.3 ngā āhuatanga hiko ko: te ngaohiko pakaru, te haere tonu o te kiriata me te whakamātautau ātete DC.
3.3.1 Ko te ngaohiko pakaru e pā ana ki te kaha kawenga ngaohiko o te kiriata waea enamel. Ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te ngaohiko pakaru ko: (1) te matotoru o te kiriata; (2) te porowhita o te kiriata; (3) te nekehanga pakari; (4) ngā poke i roto i te kiriata.
3.3.2 e kiia ana hoki te whakamātautau tonutanga kiriata he whakamātautau pūwero. Ko ōna āhuatanga matua e awe ana ko: (1) ngā rauemi mata; (2) te tukanga whakahaere; (3) ngā taputapu.
3.3.3 Ko te ātete DC e pā ana ki te uara ātete e inehia ana i roto i te roa waeine. Ko te nuinga o ngā mea e pāngia ana ko: (1) te nekehanga whakamahana; (2) ngā taputapu enamel.
3.4 kei roto i te ātete matū te ātete whakarewa me te whakarewa tika.
3.4.1 te ātete whakarewa: i te nuinga o te wā, me haere te waea enamel i roto i te tukanga whakakī i muri i te takai. He rerekē ngā taumata o te pānga pupuhi o te whakarewa i roto i te wanihi whakakī ki te kiriata peita, inā koa i te pāmahana teitei ake. Ko te ātete matū o te kiriata waea enamel ka whakatauhia e ngā āhuatanga o te kiriata tonu. I raro i ētahi āhuatanga o te peita, he pānga anō hoki tō te tukanga enamel ki te ātete whakarewa o te waea enamel.
3.4.2 Ko te mahi whakarewa tika o te waea enamel e whakaata ana i te kaha o te waea enamel ki te whakapiripiri i roto i te tukanga takai me te kore e tango i te kiriata peita. Ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te kaha o te whakapiripiri tika ko: (1) te awe o te hangarau, (2) te awe o te peita.

mahi
3.1 ngā āhuatanga ā-ringa: tae atu ki te roa, te koki whakahoki, te ngawari me te piri, te waru peita, te kaha kume, me ētahi atu.
3.1.1 e whakaata ana te roa i te kirihou o te rauemi, ā, e whakamahia ana hei aromatawai i te ngāwari o te waea enamel.
3.1.2 Ko te koki o te pūangi me te ngawari e whakaata ana i te whakarerekētanga pīngore o te rauemi, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei aromatawai i te ngawari o te waea enamel.
Ko te roa, te koki whakamuri me te ngawari e whakaata ana i te kounga o te parahi me te taumata whakamahana o te waea enamel. Ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te roa me te koki whakamuri o te waea enamel ko (1) te kounga o te waea; (2) te kaha o waho; (3) te taumata whakamahana.
3.1.3 kei roto i te pakari o te kiriata peita te takai me te totoro, arā, kāore te whakarerekētanga kume e whakaaetia ana o te kiriata peita e whati i te whakarerekētanga kume o te ara iahiko.
3.1.4 Ko te piri o te kiriata ko te tere o te whati me te pakaru. I aromatawaihia te kaha piri o te kiriata peita ki te ara iahiko.
3.1.5 Ko te whakamātautau ātete ki te rakuraku o te kiriata waea enamel e whakaata ana i te kaha o te kiriata ki te rakuraku miihini.
3.2 ātete wera: tae atu ki te ru wera me te whakamātautau pakaru whakangawari.
3.2.1 te ru wera o te waea enamel e pā ana ki te ātete wera o te kiriata paninga o te waea enamel papatipu i raro i te ahotea miihini.
Ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te ru wera: te peita, te waea parahi me te tukanga enameling.
3.2.3 Ko te mahi whakangawari me te pakaru o te waea enamel he mehua o te kaha o te kiriata waea enamel ki te tu atu i te whakarerekētanga wera i raro i te mahi a te kaha miihini, arā, te kaha o te kiriata ki te whakakirihou me te whakangawari i raro i te pāmahana teitei i raro i te mahi a te pēhanga. Ko ngā āhuatanga whakangawari me te pakaru wera o te kiriata waea enamel e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hanganga ngota me te kaha i waenga i ngā mekameka ngota.
3.3 Kei roto i te mahi hiko: te ngaohiko pakaru, te haere tonu o te kiriata me te whakamātautau ātete DC.
3.3.1 Ko te ngaohiko pakaru e pā ana ki te kaha uta ngaohiko o te kiriata waea enamel. Ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te ngaohiko pakaru ko: (1) te matotoru o te kiriata; (2) te porowhita o te kiriata; (3) te nekehanga pakari; (4) ngā poke o te kiriata.
3.3.2 e kiia ana hoki te whakamātautau tonutanga kiriata he whakamātautau pūwero. Ko ngā mea matua e awe ana ko: (1) ngā rauemi mata; (2) te tukanga whakahaere; (3) ngā taputapu.
3.3.3 Ko te ātete DC e pā ana ki te uara ātete e inehia ana i roto i te roa waeine. Ko ngā āhuatanga matua e pāngia ana e ēnei: ​​(1) te nekehanga whakamahana; (2) ngā taputapu enamel.
3.4 kei roto i te ātete matū te ātete whakarewa me te whakarewa tika.
3.4.1 te ātete whakarewa: i te nuinga o te wā, me whakakī te waea enamel i muri i te takai. He rerekē te pānga pupuhi o te whakarewa i roto i te wanihi whakakī ki te kiriata, inā koa i te pāmahana teitei ake. Ko te ātete matū o te kiriata waea enamel ka whakatauhia e ngā āhuatanga o te kiriata tonu. I raro i ētahi āhuatanga o te paninga, he pānga anō hoki te tukanga paninga ki te ātete whakarewa o te waea enamel.
3.4.2 Ko te mahi whakarewa tika o te waea enamel e whakaata ana i te kaha whakarewa o te waea enamel i roto i te tukanga takai me te kore e tango i te kiriata peita. Ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te kaha whakarewa tika ko: (1) te awe o te hangarau, (2) te awe o te paninga

tukanga hangarau
Utua → whakamahana → peita → tunu → whakamatao → whakahinuhinu → tango
Te whakatakoto
I roto i te mahi noa o te mīhini whakarewa, ko te nuinga o te kaha me te kaha tinana o te kaiwhakahaere ka pau i te wāhanga utu. Mā te whakakapi i te rīra utu ka nui te mahi a te kaiwhakahaere, ā, ka ngāwari te whakaputa raruraru kounga me te kore mahi i te hononga. Ko te tikanga whai hua ko te whakatakoto i te kaha nui.
Ko te mea nui hei utu ko te whakahaere i te taumahatanga. Ina teitei te taumahatanga, ehara i te mea ka angiangi noa te kaiārahi, engari ka pāngia hoki ngā āhuatanga maha o te waea enamel. Mai i te āhua, he ngoikore te kanapa o te waea angiangi; mai i te tirohanga mahi, ka pāngia te roa, te pakari, te ngāwari me te ru wera o te waea enamel. He iti rawa te taumahatanga o te raina utu, he ngāwari te peke i te raina, ka pā te raina kume me te raina ki te waha o te oumu. I te tīmatanga, ko te mea tino wehi ko te nui o te taumahatanga o te haurua porowhita, ā, he iti te taumahatanga o te haurua porowhita. Ehara i te mea ka wetekina, ka whati noa te waea, engari ka nui hoki te whiu o te waea i roto i te oumu, ka kore e taea te hono me te pā o te waea. Me ōrite, me tika hoki te taumahatanga o te utu.
He tino āwhina te tāuta i te wira hiko ki mua i te oumu whakamahana hei whakahaere i te kukū. Ko te kukū kore-whakaroa mōrahi o te waea parahi ngāwari he 15kg / mm2 i te pāmahana rūma, 7kg / mm2 i te 400 ℃, 4kg / mm2 i te 460 ℃ me te 2kg / mm2 i te 500 ℃. I roto i te tukanga paninga noa o te waea enamel, me iti ake te kukū o te waea enamel i te kukū kore-toronga, me whakahaere i te 50% pea, ā, me whakahaere te kukū whakatakoto i te 20% pea o te kukū kore-toronga.
Ko te taputapu utu momo hurihuri porowhita e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te takai rahi me te kaha nui; ko te taputapu utu momo pito-runga, momo paraihe rānei e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te kawe hiko rahi-waenga; ko te taputapu utu momo paraihe, momo ringaringa kōne takirua rānei e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te kawe hiko rahi-iti.
Ahakoa te tikanga utu e whakamahia ana, he tino whakaritenga mō te hanganga me te kounga o te rīra waea parahi tahanga.
—-Me maeneene te mata kia kore ai te waea e rakuraku
—-He 2-4mm te whānui o ngā koki r i ngā taha e rua o te matua o te pou, i roto, i waho hoki o te pereti taha, kia taurite ai te whakatakotoranga i te tukanga whakatakotoranga.
—-I muri i te tukatuka i te pōkai, me whakahaere ngā whakamātautau taurite pūmau me te hihiri
—-Te whānui o te pūtake o te taputapu utu paraihe: he iti iho i te 1:1.7 te whānui o te pereti taha; he iti iho i te 1:1.9 te whānui o te taputapu utu pito, ki te kore ka whati te waea ina utuhia ki te pūtake o te taputapu.

whakamahana
Ko te kaupapa o te whakamahana he whakapakeke i te ara iahiko nā te huringa o te whatunga i roto i te tukanga tātuhi o te mate kua werahia i tētahi pāmahana, kia taea ai te whakahoki mai i te ngawari e hiahiatia ana e te tukanga i muri i te whakaritenga anō o te whatunga ngota. I taua wā anō, ka taea te tango i te hinu me te hinu toenga i runga i te mata o te ara iahiko i te wā o te tukanga tātuhi, kia ngāwari ai te peita i te waea, kia taea ai hoki te whakarite i te kounga o te waea enamel. Ko te mea nui ko te whakarite kia tika te ngāwari me te roa o te waea enamel i roto i te tukanga whakamahi hei takai, ā, ka āwhina hoki ki te whakapai ake i te ara iahiko i te wā kotahi.
Ka nui ake te rerekētanga o te āhua o te ara iahiko, ka iti ake te roa, ka teitei ake hoki te kaha kume.
E toru ngā huarahi noa mō te whakamahana i te waea parahi: te whakamahana koiri; te whakamahana tonu i runga i te mīhini kukume waea; te whakamahana tonu i runga i te mīhini whakaene. Kāore e taea e ngā tikanga e rua o mua te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te tukanga whakaene. Ka taea e te whakamahana koiri te whakangawari noa i te waea parahi, engari kāore i oti te tango hinu. Nā te mea he ngohengohe te waea i muri i te whakamahana, ka nui ake te piko i te wā e utua ana. Ka taea e te whakamahana tonu i runga i te mīhini kukume waea te whakangawari i te waea parahi me te tango i te hinu o te mata, engari i muri i te whakamahana, ka takai te waea parahi ngohengohe ki runga i te koiri ka hanga he nui te piko. Ko te whakamahana tonu i mua i te peita i runga i te whakaene ehara i te mea ka taea anake te whakatutuki i te kaupapa o te whakangawari me te tango hinu, engari ka tino tika te waea kua whakamahanahia, ka tika ki roto i te taputapu peita, ā, ka taea te pani ki te kiriata peita ōrite.
Me whakatau te pāmahana o te oumu whakamahana i runga i te roa o te oumu whakamahana, te whakatakotoranga o te waea parahi me te tere o te raina. I te pāmahana me te tere kotahi, ka roa ake te oumu whakamahana, ka nui ake te whakaora o te whatunga arataki. Ina iti te pāmahana whakamahana, ka teitei ake te pāmahana o te oumu, ka pai ake te roa. Engari ina tino teitei te pāmahana whakamahana, ka puta te āhuatanga rerekē. Ka teitei ake te pāmahana whakamahana, ka iti ake te roa, ā, ka ngaro te kanapa o te mata o te waea, ka pakarukaru hoki.
Kāore e pā noa te pāmahana teitei rawa o te oumu whakamahana ki te roa o te mahi o te oumu, engari ka wera wawe hoki te waea ina mutu mō te whakaoti, te whati me te miro. Me whakahaere te pāmahana mōrahi o te oumu whakamahana ki te 500 ℃. He whai hua te whiriwhiri i te pūwāhi whakahaere pāmahana i te tūranga tata o te pāmahana tūmau me te hihiri mā te whakamahi i te whakahaere pāmahana e rua ngā wāhanga mō te oumu.
He ngāwari te waikura o te parahi i te pāmahana teitei. He tino wetekina te waikura parahi, ā, kāore e taea te piri pūmau o te kiriata peita ki te waea parahi. He pānga whakakorikori tō te waikura parahi ki te koroheketanga o te kiriata peita, ā, he pānga kino ki te ngāwari, te ru wera me te koroheketanga wera o te waea enamel. Mena kāore te arataki parahi i te waikura, me pupuri te arataki parahi kia kore e pā ki te hāora i te rangi i te pāmahana teitei, nō reira me whai hau tiaki. Ko te nuinga o ngā oumu whakamahana he hiri wai i tetahi pito, ā, he tuwhera i tetahi pito. E toru ngā mahi a te wai i roto i te tāke wai o te oumu whakamahana: te kati i te waha o te oumu, te waea whakamatao, te whakaputa mamaoa hei hau tiaki. I te tīmatanga o te tīmatanga, nā te mea he iti te mamaoa i roto i te ngongo whakamahana, kāore e taea te tango i te hau i te wā tika, nō reira ka taea te riringi i te iti o te wai waipiro (1:1) ki roto i te ngongo whakamahana. (kia tūpato kaua e ringihia te waipiro parakore, ā, kia whakahaere i te horopeta).
He mea tino nui te kounga o te wai i roto i te tāke whakamahana. Mā ngā poke o te wai ka poke te waea, ka pā ki te peita, ā, kāore e taea te hanga i tētahi kiriata maeneene. Me iti iho i te 5mg/L te nui o te chlorine i roto i te wai kua whakahokia mai, ā, me iti iho i te 50 μΩ/cm te kawe hiko. Ka waikura te waea parahi me te kiriata peita i muri i tētahi wā, ka puta he ira pango i runga i te mata o te waea i roto i te kiriata peita o te waea enamel. Hei whakarite i te kounga, me horoi tonu te totohu.
Me whai pāmahana wai anō hoki i roto i te tāke. He pai te pāmahana wai teitei mō te putanga mai o te mamaoa hei tiaki i te waea parahi kua whakamahanatia. Ehara i te mea ngāwari te kawe wai i te waea e puta mai ana i te tāke wai, engari kāore e pai mō te whakamatao o te waea. Ahakoa he mahi whakamatao te pāmahana wai iti, he nui te wai kei runga i te waea, kāore e pai mō te peita. I te nuinga o te wā, he iti ake te pāmahana wai o te raina matotoru, he teitei ake te pāmahana o te raina angiangi. Ina puta te waea parahi i te mata o te wai, ka rangona te tangi o te mimiti me te tauhiuhi wai, e tohu ana he tino teitei te pāmahana wai. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakahaerehia te raina matotoru ki te 50 ~ 60 ℃, ka whakahaerehia te raina waenga ki te 60 ~ 70 ℃, ā, ka whakahaerehia te raina angiangi ki te 70 ~ 80 ℃. Nā te tere tere me te raruraru nui o te kawe wai, me whakamaroke te raina angiangi ki te hau wera.

Te peita
Ko te peita he tukanga paninga i te waea paninga ki runga i te ara iahiko whakarewa hei hanga i tētahi paninga ōrite me te matotoru kua whakaritea. E pā ana tēnei ki ētahi āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā tikanga wai me te peita.
1. ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana
1) Te matotoru o te wai, ko te tukinga i waenga i ngā ngota ka meinga tetahi ngota kia neke ki tētahi atu paparanga. Nā te kaha taunekeneke, ka ārai te paparanga whakamutunga o ngā ngota i te nekehanga o te paparanga o mua o ngā ngota, ā, ka whakaatuhia te mahi piri, e kiia nei ko te matotoru. He rerekē te matotoru o te peita mō ngā tikanga peita rerekē me ngā whakaritenga arataki rerekē. Ko te matotoru e pā ana ki te taumaha ngota o te kapia, he nui te taumaha ngota o te kapia, ā, he nui te matotoru o te peita. Ka whakamahia hei peita i te raina taratara, nā te mea he pai ake ngā āhuatanga miihini o te kiriata i whiwhihia e te taumaha ngota teitei. Ko te kapia he matotoru iti ka whakamahia hei paninga i te raina angiangi, ā, he iti te taumaha ngota o te kapia, ā, he ngāwari ki te pania kia ōrite, ā, he maeneene te kiriata peita.
2) He ngota kei roto i te wai e pā ana ki ngā ngota. Ka taea e te kaha o te taumaha i waenganui i ēnei ngota te taurite mō te wā poto. I tētahi taha, ko te kaha o tētahi paparanga ngota i runga i te mata o te wai e pāngia ana e te kaha o ngā ngota wai, ā, ko tōna kaha e tohu ana ki te hohonutanga o te wai, i tētahi atu taha, e pāngia ana e te kaha o ngā ngota hau. Heoi, he iti ake ngā ngota hau i ngā ngota wai, ā, he tawhiti rawa atu. Nō reira, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā ngota i roto i te paparanga mata o te wai. Nā te kaha o te taumaha i roto i te wai, ka whakaitihia te mata o te wai kia rite ki te porowhita. Ko te horahanga mata o te porowhita te mea iti rawa i roto i te āhuahanga rōrahi kotahi. Ki te kore te wai e pāngia e ētahi atu kaha, he porowhita tonu i raro i te kaha o te mata.
E ai ki te kukū o te mata o te wai peita, he rerekē te piko o te mata kāore i te ōrite, ā, kāore te pēhanga pai o ia pūwāhi i taurite. I mua i te urunga ki te oumu paninga peita, ka rere te wai peita i te wāhanga matotoru ki te wāhi angiangi mā te kukū o te mata, kia ōrite ai te wai peita. Ka kiia tēnei tukanga he tukanga whakataurite. Ka pāngia te ōritetanga o te kiriata peita e te pānga o te whakataurite, me te pānga hoki o te kaha ā-papa. He hua tēnei o te kaha e puta mai ana.
I muri i te hanganga o te huruhuru hipi ki te arataki peita, ka tīmata te tukanga kukume porowhita. Nā te mea kua pania te waea ki te huruhuru hipi, he āhua oriwa te āhua o te wai peita. I tēnei wā, i raro i te mahi a te taumahatanga o te mata, ka hinga te wai peita i te matotoru o te peita tonu, ā, ka huri hei porowhita i roto i tētahi wā poto. Kei te whakaatuhia te tukanga tuhi me te whakaporowhita o te wai peita i te pikitia:
1 – te arataki peita i roto i te whatu 2 – te tere o te putanga o te whatu 3 – he porowhita te wai peita nā te kukū o te mata
Ki te iti te whakatakotoranga waea, ka iti ake te matotoru o te peita, ā, ka poto ake te wā e hiahiatia ana mō te tuhi porowhita; ki te piki ake te whakatakotoranga waea, ka piki ake te matotoru o te peita, ā, ka nui ake hoki te wā porowhita e hiahiatia ana. I roto i te peita matotoru teitei, i ētahi wā kāore e taea e te kukū mata te wikitoria i te waku o roto o te peita, ka puta he paparanga peita kāore i te ōrite.
Ina pāngia te waea pania, kei te raru tonu te kaha ā-papa i roto i te tukanga tā me te whakaawhiwhi i te paparanga peita. Mēnā he poto te wā mahi porowhita kume, ka tere te ngaro o te koki koi o te oriwa, he poto rawa te wā pānga o te kaha ā-papa ki runga, ā, he ōrite te paparanga peita i runga i te ara iahiko. Mēnā he roa ake te wā tā, he roa ake te wā o te koki koi i ngā pito e rua, ā, he roa ake te wā mahi kaha ā-papa. I tēnei wā, he ia rere iho te paparanga wai peita i te kokonga koi, ka matotoru ai te paparanga peita i ngā rohe, ā, ka kukume te wai peita ki roto i te pōro ka huri hei matūriki nā te taumahatanga o te mata. Nā te mea he tino kitea te kaha ā-papa ina matotoru te paparanga peita, kāore e whakaaetia kia matotoru rawa ina pania ia paninga, koinei tētahi o ngā take "e whakamahia ai te peita angiangi mō te paninga i te neke atu i te kotahi paninga" ina pania te rārangi paninga.
Ina pania te rārangi angiangi, ki te matotoru, ka whakawhāiti i raro i te mahi a te kukū mata, ka hanga he huruhuru hipi he āhua piupiu, he āhua pāpaka rānei.
Mena he tino kikokore te pūwero i runga i te ara iahiko, kāore e ngāwari te peita i te pūwero i raro i te mahi a te kukū mata, ā, he ngāwari hoki te ngaro me te angiangi, ka puta he kōhao ngira o te waea enamel.
Mena he porowhita te ara iahiko porowhita, i raro i te pēhanga tāpiri, ka angiangi te paparanga wai peita i ngā pito e rua o te tuaka roa porowhita, ā, ka matotoru ake i ngā pito e rua o te tuaka poto, ka hua ake he āhuatanga kore-taurite nui. Nō reira, me tutuki i te porowhita o te waea parahi porowhita e whakamahia ana mō te waea enamel ngā whakaritenga.
Ina puta te mirumiru i roto i te peita, ko te mirumiru ko te hau e takaihia ana ki te wai peita i te wā e whakaoho ana, e whāngai ana. Nā te iti o te hau, ka piki ake ki te mata o waho mā te pōrewarewa. Heoi, nā te taumahatanga o te mata o te wai peita, kāore e taea e te hau te pakaru i roto i te mata ka noho tonu ki roto i te wai peita. Ka pania tēnei momo peita me te mirumiru hau ki te mata waea ka tomo ki te oumu takai peita. I muri i te whakamahana, ka tere te horapa o te hau, ā, ka pania te wai peita. Ina heke te taumahatanga o te mata o te wai nā te wera, kāore te mata o te raina paninga e maeneene.
3) Ko te āhuatanga o te mākū, ko te mimiti haere o ngā pata mekuri ki ngā porowhita i runga i te pereti karāhe, ā, ka whānui haere ngā pata wai i runga i te pereti karāhe hei hanga i tētahi paparanga angiangi me te pokapū paku pūkohu. Ko te tuatahi he āhuatanga kore mākū, ā, ko te tuarua he āhuatanga makuku. Ko te mākū he whakaaturanga o ngā kaha ngota. Mena he iti iho te kaha i waenga i ngā ngota o te wai i te kaha i waenga i te wai me te totoka, ka whakamakuku te wai i te totoka, ā, ka taea te pania te wai ki runga i te mata o te totoka; ki te nui ake te kaha i waenga i ngā ngota o te wai i te kaha i waenga i te wai me te totoka, kāore e taea e te wai te whakamakuku i te totoka, ā, ka mimiti haere te wai hei papatipu i runga i te mata totoka. He rōpū tēnei. Ka taea e ngā wai katoa te whakamakuku i ētahi totoka, kāore i ētahi. Ko te koki i waenga i te rārangi pā o te taumata wai me te rārangi pā o te mata totoka ka kiia ko te koki whakapā. Ko te koki whakapā he iti iho i te 90° te koki whakapā o te totoka mākū wai, ā, kāore te wai e whakamakuku i te totoka i te 90°, neke atu rānei.
Mena he kanapa, he ma te mata o te waea parahi, ka taea te pania he paparanga peita. Mena kua pania te mata ki te hinu, ka pāngia te koki whakapā i waenga i te ara iahiko me te atanga wai peita. Ka huri te wai peita mai i te mākū ki te kore mākū. Mena he mārō te waea parahi, he iti noa te āhua o te hanganga whatunga ngota o te mata e kukume ana i te peita, ā, kāore e pai mō te mākū o te waea parahi e te wai whakarewa.
4) Te āhuatanga o te pūwero wai, arā, ka nui haere te wai i roto i te pakitara o te paipa, ā, ka heke te wai e kore e whakamakuku i te pakitara o te paipa i roto i te ngongo, ka kiia ko te āhuatanga o te pūwero wai. Nā te āhuatanga makuku me te pānga o te taumahatanga mata tēnei. Ko te peita whatu he whakamahi i te āhuatanga pūwero wai. Ina whakamakuku te wai i te pakitara o te paipa, ka piki te wai i te pakitara o te paipa hei hanga i tētahi mata kōpiko, ka whakanui ake i te horahanga mata o te wai, ā, me whakaiti te taumahatanga mata i te mata o te wai. I raro i tēnei kaha, ka noho whakapae te taumata wai. Ka piki te wai i roto i te paipa me te pikinga tae noa ki te pānga o te makuku me te taumahatanga mata e kukume ana ki runga, ā, ka taurite te taumaha o te pou wai i roto i te paipa, ka mutu te pikinga o te wai i roto i te paipa. Ko te kikokore o te pūwero wai, ko te iti ake o te taumahatanga motuhake o te wai, ko te iti ake o te koki whakapā o te makuku, ko te nui ake o te taumahatanga mata, ko te teitei ake o te taumata wai i roto i te pūwero wai, ko te kitea ake o te āhuatanga pūwero wai.

2. Tikanga peita huruhuru
He māmā noa te hanganga o te tikanga peita whatu, ā, he watea hoki te whakahaere. Mēnā ka piri te whatu ki ngā taha e rua o te waea me te whitiki whatu, ka whakamahia ngā āhuatanga wetewete, ngawari, pīngore me te pūwero o te whatu hei hanga i te kōhao pokepoke, hei waru i te peita taikaha i runga i te waea, hei mimiti, hei penapena, hei kawe me te hanga i te wai peita mā roto i te āhuatanga capillary, ā, ka pania te wai peita ōrite ki te mata o te waea.
Kāore te tikanga paninga huruhuru e pai mō te peita waea enamel he tere rawa te mimiti o te whakarewa, he matotoru rawa rānei. Mā te tere rawa o te mimiti o te whakarewa me te matotoru rawa ka ārai i ngā pūwero o te huruhuru, ā, ka ngaro wawe tōna ngāwari me tōna kaha ki te mimiti i ngā karu.
I te whakamahi i te tikanga peita huruhuru, me aro ki:
1) Te tawhiti i waenganui i te rawhi whatu me te tomokanga oumu. Ina whakaarohia te kaha o te whakataurite me te kaha ā-papa i muri i te peita, ngā āhuatanga o te whakatārewatanga o te raina me te kaha ā-papa peita, ko te tawhiti i waenganui i te whatu me te tāke peita (mīhini whakapae) he 50-80mm, ā, ko te tawhiti i waenganui i te whatu me te waha oumu he 200-250mm.
2) Ngā Whakatakotoranga o te Wīra. Mō te paninga matotoru, me whānui, me matotoru, me ngawari, me ngāwari te wīra, ā, he maha ngā pūwero. He ngāwari te hanga i ngā pūwero nui i roto i te tukanga peita, ā, he nui te penapena peita me te tere o te tuku. Me whaiti, me angiangi, me matotoru, ā, he iti ngā pūwero ina pania ki te miro angiangi. Ka taea te takai i te wīra ki te kakahu miro, ki te kakahu T-hate rānei, kia pai ai te mata, kia ngawari ai, kia iti ai, kia ōrite ai te nui o te peita.
Ngā whakaritenga mō te rahi me te mātotoru o te huruhuru kua pania
Whakatakotoranga mm whānui × matotoru kiato g / cm3 whakatakotoranga mm whānui × matotoru kiato g / cm3
0.8~2.5 50×16 0.14~0.16 0.1~0.2 30×6 0.25~0.30
0.4~0.8 40×12 0.16~0.20 0.05~0.10 25×4 0.30~0.35
20 ~ 0.250.05 i raro iho i te 20 × 30.35 ~ 0.40
3) Te kounga o te huruhuru hipi. E hiahiatia ana te huruhuru hipi kounga teitei me te muka angiangi me te muka roa mō te peita (kua whakamahia ngā muka hangai me te ātete wera me te ātete kakahu hei whakakapi i te huruhuru hipi i ngā whenua ke). 5%, pH = 7, maeneene, matotoru ōrite.
4) Ngā Whakaritenga mō te whitiki whatu. Me whakarite kia tika te whakamāori me te tukatuka i te whitiki whatu, kia kore ai e waikura, kia papatahi te mata e pā ana ki te whitiki whatu, kia kore ai e piko, e rerekē rānei te āhua. Me whakarite ngā whitiki whatu taumaha rerekē me ngā diameter waea rerekē. Me whakahaere te piri o te whitiki whatu e te kaha taumaha o te whitiki whatu i te mea ka taea, ā, me karo hoki i te pēhi e te tīwiri, e te puna rānei. Mā te tikanga pēhi i te kaha taumaha o te tinana ka taea te hanga i te paninga o ia miro kia ōrite.
5) Me ōrite te huruhuru ki te peita e tukuna ana. Mēnā kāore te rauemi peita e rerekē, ka taea te whakahaere i te nui o te peita e tukuna ana mā te whakarerekē i te hurihanga o te roera kawe peita. Me whakarite te tūranga o te huruhuru, te papa me te arataki kia ōrite te kōhao mate hanga ki te arataki, kia mau tonu ai te pēhanga ōrite o te huruhuru ki runga i te arataki. Me iti iho te tūranga whakapae o te wira arataki o te mīhini enamel whakapae i te tihi o te roera enamel, ā, me noho te teitei o te tihi o te roera enamel me te pokapū o te paparanga huruhuru ki te rārangi whakapae kotahi. Hei whakarite i te matotoru o te kiriata me te mutunga o te waea enamel, he tika te whakamahi i te tohanga iti mō te tuku peita. Ka pupuhihia te wai peita ki roto i te pouaka peita nui, ā, ka pupuhihia te peita tohanga ki roto i te tāke peita iti mai i te pouaka peita nui. I te paunga o te peita, ka tāpirihia tonutia te tāke peita iti e te peita i roto i te pouaka peita nui, kia mau tonu ai te matotoru me te ihirangi totoka o te peita i roto i te tāke peita iti.
6) I muri i te whakamahinga mō tētahi wā, ka āraia ngā pūwero o te huruhuru kua pania e te paura parahi i runga i te waea parahi, i ētahi atu poke rānei i roto i te peita. Ka rakuraku, ka kino hoki te mata ngohengohe, te mata ōrite o te huruhuru i te waea pakaru, te waea piri, te hononga rānei i roto i te hanga. Ka pakaru te mata o te waea i te waku roa ki te huruhuru. Ka whakapakeketia te huruhuru e te pāmahana i te waha o te oumu, nō reira me whakakapi i ia wā.
7) He ngoikoretanga anō hoki te peita i te huruhuru hipi. He maha ngā whakakapinga, he iti te whakamahinga, he nui ake ngā para, he nui te ngaronga o te huruhuru hipi; he uaua ki te whakatutuki i te matotoru o te kiriata i waenga i ngā rārangi; he ngāwari te puta o te āhua rerekē o te kiriata; he iti te tere. Nā te waku i puta mai i te nekehanga whanaunga i waenga i te waea me te huruhuru hipi, ina tere rawa te tere o te waea, ka puta he wera, ka huri te matotoru o te peita, ā, ka tahuna te huruhuru hipi; ka haria te huruhuru hipi ki roto i te oumu ki te mahi hē, ka puta he ahi. He aituā; he waea huruhuru hipi kei roto i te kiriata waea enamel, ka pā kino ki te waea enamel ātete pāmahana teitei; kāore e taea te whakamahi peita matotoru teitei, ka piki ake te utu.

3. Pānui peita
Ko te maha o ngā wā peita ka pāngia e te nui o te totoka, te matotoru, te kukū o te mata, te koki whakapā, te tere maroke, te tikanga peita me te matotoru o te paninga. Me pania te peita waea enamel whānui, me tunua hoki mō ngā wā maha kia mimiti rawa te whakarewa, kia oti te tauhohenga o te kapia, ā, kia hangaia he kiriata pai.
Te tere o te peita i te peita mārō te matotoru o te peita i te mātotoru o te peita
He pokepokea ai te matotoru me te angiangi, te tere me te puhoi, te rahi teitei me te iti, he pokepokea ai te huruhuru hipi, he pokepokea ai te rahi teitei me te iti.
E hia ngā wā o te peita
Ko te paninga tuatahi te mea nui. Ki te angiangi rawa, ka puta he urunga hau i roto i te kiriata, ā, ka waikura te ara iahiko parahi, ā, hei whakamutunga ka puāwai te mata o te waea enamel. Ki te matotoru rawa, kāore pea e ranea te tauhohenga hononga whakawhiti, ā, ka heke te piri o te kiriata, ā, ka mimiti te peita i te pito i muri i te pakaru.
He angiangi ake te paninga whakamutunga, he mea pai tēnei mō te ātete ki te rakuraku o te waea enamel.
I te hanga i te raina whakatakotoranga pai, ka pā tika te maha o ngā peita ki te āhua me te mahi o te poka titi.

tunu kai
Kia oti te peita i te waea, ka uru ki te oumu. Tuatahi, ka mimiti te whakarewa i roto i te peita, kātahi ka whakapakeketia hei hanga i tētahi paparanga kiriata peita. Kātahi ka peitahia, ka tunua. Ka oti te tukanga tunu katoa mā te whakahoki i tēnei mō ngā wā maha.
1. Te tohatoha o te pāmahana o te oumu
He nui te pānga o te tohatoha o te pāmahana o te oumu ki te tunu o te waea enamel. E rua ngā whakaritenga mō te tohatoha o te pāmahana o te oumu: te pāmahana roa me te pāmahana whakawhiti. Ko te whakaritenga pāmahana roa he piko, arā, mai i te iti ki te teitei, kātahi mai i te teitei ki te iti. Me rārangi te pāmahana whakawhiti. Ko te ōritetanga o te pāmahana whakawhiti e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakamahana, te tiaki wera me te kawe hau wera o te taputapu.
Ko te tukanga enamel me tutuki i te oumu enamel ngā whakaritenga o
a) Te whakahaere pāmahana tika, ± 5 ℃
b) Ka taea te whakarite i te pihi pāmahana oumu, ā, ka taea e te pāmahana mōrahi o te rohe whakaora te eke ki te 550 ℃
c) Kaua te rerekētanga pāmahana whakarara e neke ake i te 5 ℃.
E toru ngā momo pāmahana o te oumu: te pāmahana pūtake wera, te pāmahana hau me te pāmahana arataki. Ko te tikanga, ka inehia te pāmahana o te oumu mā te thermocouple kua whakanohoia ki te hau, ā, ko te pāmahana he tata ki te pāmahana o te hau i roto i te oumu. Pūtake-T > hau-t > peita-T > waea-t (Ko te peita-T te pāmahana o ngā huringa ā-tinana me te matū o te peita i roto i te oumu). Ko te tikanga, he 100 ℃ te iti iho o te peita-T i te hau-t.
Kua wehea te oumu kia rua, kia rua, kia toru, kia toru: te rohe mimiti me te rohe totoka. Ko te whakarewa mimiti te mea nui mō te rohe mimiti, ā, ko te kiriata whakamaroke te mea nui mō te rohe whakamaroke.
2. Te mimiti
I muri i te paninga o te peita ārai ki te ara iahiko, ka mimiti te whakarewa me te mea whakaranu i te wā tunu. E rua ngā momo wai hei hau: te mimiti me te kohua. Ko ngā ngota i runga i te mata wai e tomo ana ki te hau e kiia ana ko te mimiti, ka taea te mahi i tētahi pāmahana. Nā te pāmahana me te mātotoru, ka taea e te pāmahana teitei me te mātotoru iti te whakatere i te mimiti. Ina tae te mātotoru ki tētahi nui, kāore te wai e mimiti, ā, ka mākū. Ka huri ngā ngota i roto i te wai hei hau hei hanga mirumiru, ka piki ake ki te mata o te wai. Ka pakaru ngā mirumiru, ka tukuna te mamaoa. Ko te āhuatanga e mimiti ana ngā ngota i roto, i runga hoki i te mata o te wai i te wā kotahi e kiia ana ko te kohua.
Me maeneene te kiriata o te waea enamel. Me mimiti te whakarewa mā te mimiti. Kāore e whakaaetia kia kohuatia, ki te kore ka puta he mirumiru me ngā matūriki huruhuru ki te mata o te waea enamel. Mā te mimiti o te whakarewa i roto i te peita wai, ka matotoru haere te peita ārai, ā, ka roa ake te wā e heke ai te whakarewa i roto i te peita wai ki te mata, inā koa mō te waea enamel matotoru. Nā te matotoru o te peita wai, me roa ake te wā mimiti kia kore ai e mimiti te whakarewa o roto, kia maeneene ai te kiriata.
Ko te pāmahana o te rohe mimiti ka whakawhirinaki ki te pūmahana koropupū o te wairewa. Mēnā he iti te pūmahana koropupū, ka iti iho te pāmahana o te rohe mimiti. Heoi, ka whakawhitia te pāmahana o te peita i runga i te mata o te waea mai i te pāmahana o te oumu, me te mimiti wera o te mimiti wera o te wairewa, arā, ko te mimiti wera o te waea, nō reira he iti iho te pāmahana o te peita i runga i te mata o te waea i te pāmahana o te oumu.
Ahakoa he wāhanga mimiti kei roto i te tunu o ngā enamel angiangi, ka mimiti te whakarewa i roto i te wā poto rawa nā te paninga angiangi o te waea, nō reira ka teitei ake te pāmahana i roto i te rohe mimiti. Mena me iti ake te pāmahana o te kiriata i te wā e whakamaroke ana, pērā i te waea enamel polyurethane, he teitei ake te pāmahana i roto i te rohe mimiti i tērā i roto i te rohe whakamaroke. Mena he iti te pāmahana o te rohe mimiti, ka hanga he huruhuru mimiti te mata o te waea enamel, i ētahi wā he piupiu, he paru rānei, i ētahi wā he kōpiko. Nā te mea ka hangaia he paparanga peita ōrite ki runga i te waea i muri i te peitatanga o te waea. Mena kāore i tunua wawetia te kiriata, ka mimiti te peita nā te taumahatanga o te mata me te koki mākū o te peita. Ina iti te pāmahana o te wāhi mimiti, he iti te pāmahana o te peita, he roa te wā mimiti o te whakarewa, he iti te nekenekehanga o te peita i roto i te mimiti whakarewa, ā, he ngoikore te whakataurite. Ina teitei te pāmahana o te wāhi mimiti, ka teitei te pāmahana o te peita, ā, he roa te wā mimiti o te whakarewa. He poto te wā mimiti, he nui te nekehanga o te peita wai i roto i te mimiti whakarewa, he pai te whakataurite, ā, he maeneene te mata o te waea enamel.
Ki te tino teitei te pāmahana i roto i te rohe mimiti, ka tere te mimiti o te whakarewa i te paparanga o waho ina uru te waea kua pania ki roto i te oumu, ka tere te hanga "tire", ā, ka ārai i te hekenga ki waho o te whakarewa o te paparanga o roto. Nō reira, he maha ngā whakarewa i roto i te paparanga o roto ka akiakihia kia mimiti, kia koropupū rānei i muri i te urunga ki te rohe pāmahana teitei me te waea, ā, ka whakangaro i te haere tonu o te kiriata peita mata, ka puta he kōhao iti me he mirumiru i roto i te kiriata peita me ētahi atu raruraru kounga.

3. te whakamaroke
Ka uru te waea ki te wāhi whakamaroke i muri i te mimiti. Ko te tauhohenga matua i roto i te wāhi whakamaroke ko te tauhohenga matū o te peita, arā, ko te hononga whakawhiti me te whakamaroke i te turanga peita. Hei tauira, ko te peita polyester he momo kiriata peita e hanga ana i te hanganga kupenga mā te hononga whakawhiti i te ester rākau me te hanganga rārangi. He mea tino nui te tauhohenga whakamaroke, e pā tika ana ki te mahi a te raina paninga. Ki te kore e ranea te whakamaroke, ka pā ki te ngāwari, te ātete whakarewa, te ātete rakuraku me te pakaru ngawari o te waea paninga. I ētahi wā, ahakoa he pai ngā mahi katoa i taua wā, he ngoikore te pumau o te kiriata, ā, i muri i te wā rokiroki, ka heke ngā raraunga mahi, ahakoa kāore i te tika. Ki te nui rawa te whakamaroke, ka pakarukaru te kiriata, ka heke te ngāwari me te ru wera. Ko te nuinga o ngā waea enamel ka taea te whakatau mā te tae o te kiriata peita, engari nā te mea he maha ngā wā e tunua ana te raina paninga, kāore e taea te aromatawai i te āhua anake. Ki te kore e ranea te whakamaroke o roto, ā, he rawaka te whakamaroke o waho, he tino pai te tae o te raina paninga, engari he tino ngoikore te āhuatanga tihore. Tērā pea ka hua ake te whakamātautau tawhito wera i te ringaringa paninga, i te kiri nui rānei. Engari, ki te pai te pakari o roto engari kāore i te rawaka te pakari o waho, he pai anō hoki te tae o te rārangi paninga, engari he tino ngoikore te ātete ki te karawarawa.
Heoi anō, ki te pai te pakari o roto engari kāore i te rawaka te pakari o waho, he pai anō hoki te tae o te rārangi paninga, engari he tino ngoikore te ātete ki te rakuraku.
Ka uru te waea ki te wāhi whakamaroke i muri i te mimiti. Ko te tauhohenga matua i te wāhi whakamaroke ko te tauhohenga matū o te peita, arā, ko te hononga whakawhiti me te whakamaroke i te turanga peita. Hei tauira, ko te peita polyester he momo kiriata peita e hanga ana i te hanganga kupenga mā te hononga whakawhiti i te ester rākau me te hanganga rārangi. He mea tino nui te tauhohenga whakamaroke, e pā tika ana ki te mahi a te raina paninga. Ki te kore e ranea te whakamaroke, ka pā ki te ngāwari, te ātete whakarewa, te ātete rakuraku me te pakaru ngawari o te waea paninga.
Ki te kore e ranea te whakamaroke, ka pā pea ki te ngāwari, te ātete whakarewa, te ātete rakuraku me te pakaru o te waea paninga. I ētahi wā, ahakoa he pai ngā mahi katoa i taua wā, he ngoikore te pumau o te kiriata, ā, i muri i te wā rokiroki, ka heke ngā raraunga mahi, ahakoa kāore i te tika. Ki te nui rawa te whakamaroke, ka pakarukaru te kiriata, ka heke te ngāwari me te ru wera. Ko te nuinga o ngā waea enamel ka taea te whakatau mā te tae o te kiriata peita, engari nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka tunua te raina paninga, kāore e taea te whakatau i te āhua anake. Ki te kore e ranea te whakamaroke o roto, ā, he rawaka te whakamaroke o waho, he tino pai te tae o te raina paninga, engari he tino ngoikore te āhua o te tihorenga. Mā te whakamātautau koroheketanga wera ka arahi pea ki te ringaringa paninga, ki te tihorenga nui rānei. Engari, ki te pai te whakamaroke o roto engari kāore i te ranea te whakamaroke o waho, he pai hoki te tae o te raina paninga, engari he tino ngoikore te ātete rakuraku. I roto i te tauhohenga whakamaroke, ko te matotoru o te hau whakarewa, te makuku rānei i roto i te hau te nuinga o te pānga ki te hanganga kiriata, ka heke te kaha o te kiriata o te raina paninga, ka pāngia hoki te ātete rakuraku.
Ka taea te whakatau i te nuinga o ngā waea enamel mā te tae o te kiriata peita, engari nā te mea he maha ngā wā e tunua ana te raina paninga, kāore e taea te arotake i te āhua anake. Mēnā kāore i te rawaka te whakamaroke o roto, ā, he rawaka te whakamaroke o waho, he tino pai te tae o te raina paninga, engari he tino ngoikore te āhua o te tihorenga. Tērā pea ka arahi te whakamātautau koroheketanga wera ki te pakaru o te ringaringa paninga, ki te tihorenga nui rānei. Engari, mēnā he pai te whakamaroke o roto engari kāore i te rawaka te whakamaroke o waho, he pai hoki te tae o te raina paninga, engari he tino ngoikore te ātete ki te rakuraku. I roto i te tauhohenga whakamaroke, ko te matotoru o te hau whakarewa, te haumākū rānei i roto i te hau te nuinga o te pānga ki te hanganga kiriata, ka heke te kaha o te kiriata o te raina paninga, ka pāngia hoki te ātete ki te rakuraku.

4. Te whakakorenga para
I te wā e tunua ana te waea enamel, me tuku te kohu whakarewa me ngā matū ngota iti pakaru mai i te oumu i te wā tika. Ka pā te matotoru o te kohu whakarewa me te haumākū i roto i te hau ki te mimiti me te whakamaroke i te tukanga tunu, ā, ka pā te matū ngota iti ki te maeneene me te kanapa o te kiriata peita. Hei tāpiri, ko te kukū o te kohu whakarewa e pā ana ki te haumaru, nō reira he mea tino nui te tukunga para mō te kounga o te hua, te hanga haumaru me te whakamahinga wera.
I runga i te kounga o te hua me te haumaru o te whakaputanga, me nui ake te nui o te para e tukuna ana, engari me nui te wera e tangohia ana i te wā kotahi, nō reira me tika te tukunga para. Ko te tukunga para o te oumu wera wera mura whakakorikori he 20 ~ 30% o te nui o te hau wera. Ko te nui o te para e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te whakarewa e whakamahia ana, te haumākū o te hau, me te wera o te oumu. Tata ki te 40 ~ 50m3 para (kua hurihia ki te pāmahana rūma) ka tukuna ina whakamahia te 1kg whakarewa. Ka taea hoki te aromatawai i te nui o te para mai i te āhua o te wera o te oumu, te ātete ki te rakuraku o te waea enamel me te kanapa o te waea enamel. Mena ka kati te pāmahana o te oumu mō te wā roa, engari he tino teitei tonu te uara tohu pāmahana, ko te tikanga ko te wera e puta mai ana i te mura whakakorikori he rite, he nui ake rānei i te wera e pau ana i te whakamaroke oumu, ā, ka kore e taea te whakahaere i te whakamaroke oumu i te pāmahana tiketike, nō reira me whakanui ake te tukunga para kia tika. Mena ka roa te wera o te oumu, engari kāore i te teitei te tohu pāmahana, ko te tikanga he nui rawa te wera e pau ana, ā, he nui rawa pea te nui o ngā para e tukuna ana. Whai muri i te tirotiro, me whakaiti te nui o ngā para e tukuna ana. Mena he iti te ātete ki te rakuraku o te waea enamel, tera pea he nui rawa te haumākū hau i roto i te oumu, inā koa i te rangi ua i te raumati, he tino teitei te haumākū o te hau, ā, ko te makuku e puta mai ana i muri i te tahunga catalytic o te kohu whakarewa ka piki ake te haumākū hau i roto i te oumu. I tēnei wā, me whakanui ake te tukunga para. Kaua e neke ake i te 25 ℃ te tohu tomairangi o te hau i roto i te oumu. Mena he iti te kanapa o te waea enamel, ā, kāore i te kanapa, tera pea he iti te nui o ngā para e tukuna ana, nā te mea kāore ngā matū ngota iti e pakaru ana e tukuna ana, e piri ana ki te mata o te kiriata peita, ka pirau te kiriata peita.
He āhuatanga kino noa te momi hikareti i roto i te oumu whakawera whakapae. E ai ki te ariā whakapūhautanga, ka rere tonu te hau mai i te pūwāhi pēhanga teitei ki te pūwāhi pēhanga iti. I muri i te whakamahanatanga o te hau i roto i te oumu, ka tere te horapa o te rōrahi, ka piki ake te pēhanga. Ina puta te pēhanga pai i roto i te oumu, ka paowa te waha o te oumu. Ka taea te whakanui ake i te rōrahi putanga hau, te whakaiti rānei i te rōrahi tuku hau hei whakahoki mai i te rohe pēhanga kino. Mena kotahi anake te pito o te waha o te oumu e paowa ana, nā te mea he nui rawa te rōrahi tuku hau i tēnei pito, ā, he teitei ake te pēhanga hau ā-rohe i te pēhanga hau ā-hau, kia kore ai e taea e te hau tāpiri te tomo ki te oumu mai i te waha o te oumu, ka whakaitihia te rōrahi tuku hau, ā, ka ngaro te pēhanga pai ā-rohe.

whakamatao
He tino teitei te pāmahana o te waea enamel mai i te oumu, he tino ngohengohe te kiriata, ā, he iti rawa te kaha. Ki te kore e whakamataohia i te wā tika, ka pakaru te kiriata i muri i te wira ārahi, ka pā ki te kounga o te waea enamel. Ina puhoi te tere o te raina, mena he roa te wāhanga whakamatao, ka taea te whakamatao maori i te waea enamel. Ina tere te tere o te raina, kāore e taea e te whakamatao maori te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga, nō reira me akiaki kia whakamatao, ki te kore e kore e taea te whakapai ake i te tere o te raina.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te hau whakamatao ā-pūngao. Ka whakamahia he pupuhi hei whakamatao i te raina mā roto i te paipa hau me te pouaka whakamatao. Kia mahara me whakamahi te pūtake hau i muri i te purenga, kia kore ai e pupuhi ngā paru me te puehu ki runga i te mata o te waea enamel me te piri ki te kiriata peita, ka hua ake he raruraru mata.
Ahakoa he tino pai te pānga whakamatao wai, ka pā ki te kounga o te waea enamel, ka noho wai te kiriata, ka whakaiti i te ātete ki te rakuraku me te ātete whakarewa, nō reira kāore e pai mō te whakamahi.
whakahinuhinu
He nui te pānga o te whakahinuhinu o te waea enamel ki te pūmau o te tango. Me āhei te whakahinuhinu e whakamahia ana mō te waea enamel ki te whakamāeneene i te mata o te waea enamel, me te kore e kino ki te waea, me te kore e pā ki te kaha o te rīra tango me te whakamahinga a te kaiwhakamahi. Ko te nui o te hinu e tika ana kia maeneene ai te waea enamel i te ringaringa, engari kāore e kitea te hinu e ngā ringaringa. I roto i te tauanga, ka taea te pania te 1m2 o te waea enamel ki te 1 karamu o te hinu whakahinuhinu.
Ko ngā tikanga whakahinuhinu noa ko: te whakahinuhinu i te huruhuru hipi, te whakahinuhinu i te hiako kau me te whakahinuhinu i te roera. I roto i te whakaputanga, ka tīpakohia ngā tikanga whakahinuhinu rerekē me ngā momo whakahinuhinu rerekē hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga rerekē o te waea enamel i roto i te tukanga takai.

Tangohia
Ko te kaupapa o te tango me te whakarite i te waea he takai tonu i te waea enamel ki runga i te pōro. Me tere te whakahaere i te pūnaha tango, me te iti o te haruru, te taumahatanga tika me te whakaritenga auau. I roto i ngā raruraru kounga o te waea enamel, he tino nui te ōwehenga o te hokinga mai nā te ngoikore o te tango me te whakaritenga o te waea, ko te nuinga ka kitea i roto i te taumahatanga nui o te aho tango, te kumea o te diameter waea, te pakaru rānei o te kōpae waea; he iti te taumahatanga o te aho tango, ko te aho wetewete o te koiri ka puta te raruraru o te aho, ā, ko te whakaritenga koretake ka puta te raruraru o te aho. Ahakoa ko te nuinga o ēnei raruraru i puta mai i te mahi hē, me mahi anō hoki ngā mahi e tika ana hei whakamarie i ngā kaiwhakahaere i roto i te tukanga.
He mea tino nui te kukū o te aho whiwhi, ā, ko te ringa o te kaiwhakahaere te mea matua e whakahaere ana. E ai ki ngā wheako, ko ētahi raraunga e whakaratohia ana penei: ko te aho taratara tata ki te 1.0mm he tata ki te 10% o te kukū kore toronga, ko te aho waenga he tata ki te 15% o te kukū kore toronga, ko te aho angiangi he tata ki te 20% o te kukū kore toronga, ā, ko te aho moroiti he tata ki te 25% o te kukū kore toronga.
He mea tino nui kia whakatauhia te ōwehenga o te tere o te raina me te tere whiwhi i runga i te tikanga tika. Mā te iti o te tawhiti i waenga i ngā raina o te whakaritenga raina ka ngāwari te hanga i te raina kore taurite i runga i te koiri. He iti rawa te tawhiti o te raina. Ina kati te raina, ka pēhia ngā raina o muri ki mua i ētahi porowhita raina, ka tae ki tētahi teitei ka hinga ohorere, kia pēhia ai te porowhita raina o muri i raro i te porowhita raina o mua. Ina whakamahia e te kaiwhakamahi, ka whati te raina, ka pāngia te whakamahinga. He nui rawa te tawhiti o te raina, he āhua ripeka te raina tuatahi me te raina tuarua, he nui te āputa i waenga i te waea enamel i runga i te koiri, ka whakaitihia te kaha o te paepae waea, ā, he āhua pōrearea te āhua o te raina paninga. I te nuinga o te wā, mō te paepae waea he iti te matua, ko te tawhiti pokapū i waenga i ngā raina me toru ngā wā o te diameter o te raina; mō te kōpae waea he nui ake te diameter, ko te tawhiti i waenga i ngā pokapū i waenga i ngā raina me toru ki te rima ngā wā o te diameter o te raina. Ko te uara tohutoro o te ōwehenga tere raina ko 1:1.7-2.
tātai huatau t= π (r+r) × l/2v × D × 1000
Te wā haere kotahi-ara raina-T (min) r – te whānui o te pereti taha o te pōkai (mm)
R-diameter o te oko porowhita (mm) l – tawhiti whakatuwheratanga o te porowhita (mm)
Tere waea-V (m/min) d – te diameter o waho o te waea enamel (mm)

7, Tikanga whakahaere
Ahakoa te kounga o te waea enamel e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kounga o ngā rauemi mata pērā i te peita me te waea me te āhua o ngā mīhini me ngā taputapu, ki te kore tātou e aro nui ki ngā raruraru maha pērā i te tunu, te whakamahana, te tere me ō rātou hononga ki te mahi, ki te kore e mōhio ki te hangarau whakahaere, ki te kore e mahi pai i te mahi tūruhi me te whakarite waka, ki te kore e mahi pai i te akuaku o te tukanga, ahakoa kāore ngā kaihoko i te makona. Ahakoa te pai o te āhua, e kore e taea e tātou te whakaputa waea enamel kounga teitei. Nō reira, ko te mea nui hei mahi pai i te waea enamel ko te whakaaro ki te kawenga.
1. I mua i te tīmatanga o te mīhini whakarewa hau wera, me whakakā te hau pā kia puhoi ai te rere o te hau i roto i te oumu. Whakamahanahia te oumu me te rohe whakarewa ki te whakamahana hiko kia eke te pāmahana o te rohe whakarewa ki te pāmahana mura kua tohua.
2. "Te tirotiro matatau" me te "tirotiro matatau" i roto i te mahi whakaputa.
1) Inehia te kiriata peita i ia hāora, ā, whakatikatikahia te tūnga kore o te kāri maikirīmita i mua i te ine. I te ine i te rārangi, me rite tonu te tere o te kāri maikirīmita me te rārangi, ā, me ine te rārangi nui i ngā taha e rua e poutū ana tetahi ki tetahi.
2) Tirohia te whakaritenga o te waea i ia wā, tirohia hoki te whakaritenga o te waea ki mua, ki muri, me te pūmau o te kume, ā, me whakatika i te wā tika. Tirohia mēnā he tika te hinu whakahinuhinu.
3) Tirohia te mata i ngā wā katoa, tirohia mēnā he kirikiri, he kiripaka, he āhua kino rānei te waea enamel i roto i te tukanga paninga, kimihia ngā take, ā, whakatikahia tonutia. Mō ngā hua hapa o te motuka, tangohia te toki i te wā tika.
4) Tirohia te mahi, tirohia mēnā he noa ngā wāhanga e oma ana, kia aro ki te piri o te kakau utu, kia kore ai e whaiti te pane hurihuri, te waea whati me te diameter o te waea.
5) Tirohia te pāmahana, te tere me te matotoru kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga o te tukanga.
6) Tirohia mēnā e tutuki ana ngā rauemi mata i ngā whakaritenga hangarau o te tukanga whakaputa.
3. I roto i te mahi whakaputa waea enamel, me aro atu hoki ki ngā raruraru o te pahūtanga me te ahi. Ko te āhua o te ahi e whai ake nei:
Ko te tuatahi, kua wera katoa te oumu, ā, he maha ngā wā ka puta mai i te nui rawa o te kohu, te pāmahana rānei o te whakawhiti o te oumu; ko te tuarua, he maha ngā waea e mura ana nā te nui rawa o te peita i te wā e miro ana. Hei ārai i te ahi, me tino whakahaere te pāmahana o te oumu tukatuka, ā, me maeneene te hau o te oumu.
4. Te whakaritenga i muri i te wāhi waka
Ko te mahi whakaoti i muri i te tūnga waka ko te horoi i te kāpia tawhito i te waha o te oumu, te horoi i te tāke peita me te wira ārahi, me te mahi pai i te horoi taiao o te enamel me te taiao e karapoti ana. Hei pupuri i te ma o te tāke peita, ki te kore koe e taraiwa tonu, me hipoki te tāke peita ki te pepa kia kore ai e uru mai ngā poke.

Inenga Whakatakotoranga
He momo taura te waea enamel. Ko te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel e whakaatuhia ana e te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga (waeine: mm). Ko te ine i te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel ko te ine i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga. Ko te tikanga e whakamahia ana mō te ine i te maikoromita, ā, ka taea e te maikoromita te eke ki te 0. He tikanga ine tika me te tikanga ine ā-kore mō te whakatakotoranga (diameter) o te waea enamel.
He tikanga ine tika, he tikanga ine ā-kore hoki mō te whakatakotoranga (diameter) o te waea enamel.
He momo taura te waea enamel. Ko te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel e whakaatuhia ana e te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga (wae: mm). Ko te ine i te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel ko te ine i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga. Ko te tikanga ka whakamahia mō te ine i te maikoromita, ā, ka taea e te tika o te maikoromita te eke ki te 0.
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He momo taura te waea enamel. Ko te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel e whakaatuhia ana e te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga (wae: mm).
He momo taura te waea enamel. Ko te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel e whakaatuhia ana e te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga (wae: mm). Ko te ine i te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel ko te ine i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga. Ko te tikanga ka whakamahia mō te ine i te maikoromita, ā, ka taea e te tika o te maikoromita te eke ki te 0.
.
He momo taura te waea enamel. Ko te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel e whakaatuhia ana e te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga (wae: mm). Ko te ine i te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel ko te ine i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga. Ko te tikanga ka whakamahia mō te ine i te maikoromita, ā, ka taea e te tika o te maikoromita te eke ki te 0.
Ko te ine i te waea enamel he ine noa iho i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga. Ko te tikanga tēnei mō te ine i te maikoromita, ā, ka taea e te maikoromita te eke ki te 0.
Ko te ine i te waea enamel he ine noa iho i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga. Ko te tikanga he ine i te maikoromita, ā, ka taea e te maikoromita te eke ki te 0.
He momo taura te waea enamel. Ko te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel e whakaatuhia ana e te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga (wae: mm).
He momo taura te waea enamel. Ko te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel e whakaatuhia ana e te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga (wae: mm). Ko te ine i te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel ko te ine i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga. Ko te tikanga ka whakamahia mō te ine i te maikoromita, ā, ka taea e te tika o te maikoromita te eke ki te 0.
He tikanga ine tika, he tikanga ine ā-kore hoki mō te whakatakotoranga (diameter) o te waea enamel.
Ko te ine i te whakatakotoranga waea enamel ko te ine i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga. Ko te tikanga e whakamahia ana mō te ine i te maikoromita, ā, ka taea e te maikoromita te eke ki te 0. He tikanga ine tika me te tikanga ine ā-kore mō te whakatakotoranga (diameter) o te waea enamel. Ine tika Ko te tikanga ine tika ko te ine tika i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga. Me tahu tuatahi te waea enamel, kātahi ka whakamahia te tikanga ahi. He tino iti te diameter o te waea enamel e whakamahia ana i roto i te rotor o te motuka hiko whakahihiri raupapa, nō reira me tahu maha i roto i te wā poto i te wā e whakamahi ana i te ahi, ki te kore ka wera, ka pā ki te whai huatanga.
Ko te tikanga ine tika ko te ine tika i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga. Me tahu tuatahi te waea enamel, kātahi ka whakamahia te tikanga ahi.
He momo taura te waea enamel. Ko te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel e whakaatuhia ana e te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga (wae: mm).
He momo taura te waea enamel. Ko te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel e whakaatuhia ana e te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga (waeine: mm). Ko te ine i te whakatakotoranga waea enamel ko te ine i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga. Ko te tikanga e whakamahia ana mo te ine maikoromita, ā, ka taea e te maikoromita te eke ki te 0. He tikanga ine tika me te tikanga ine ā-kore mō te whakatakotoranga (diameter) o te waea enamel. Ine tika Ko te tikanga ine tika ko te ine tika i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga. Me tahu tuatahi te waea enamel, kātahi ka whakamahia te tikanga ahi. He tino iti te diameter o te waea enamel e whakamahia ana i roto i te rotor o te motuka whakahihiri raupapa mo nga taputapu hiko, no reira me tahu maha nga wa i roto i te wa poto i te wa e whakamahi ana i te ahi, ki te kore ka wera, ka pa ki te whai huatanga. I muri i te tahu, horoia te peita kua wera ki te kakahu, katahi ka ine i te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga ki te maikoromita. Ko te diameter o te waea parahi tahanga ko te whakatakotoranga o te waea enamel. Ka taea te whakamahi i te rama waipiro, te rama ranei hei tahu i te waea enamel. Ine ā-kore
Ine ā-kore Ko te tikanga ine ā-kore ko te ine i te diameter o waho o te waea parahi enamel (tae atu ki te kiri enamel), kātahi ka rite ki ngā raraunga o te diameter o waho o te waea parahi enamel (tae atu ki te kiri enamel). Kāore te tikanga e whakamahi i te ahi hei tahu i te waea enamel, ā, he tino whai hua. Mena ka taea e koe te mōhio ki te tauira motuhake o te waea parahi enamel, he tika ake te tirotiro i te whakatakotoranga (diameter) o te waea enamel. [wheako] Ahakoa te tikanga e whakamahia ana, me ine te maha o ngā pakiaka, o ngā wāhanga rānei kia toru ngā wā hei whakarite i te tika o te ine.