Ko te konumohe te konganuku tino nui o te ao, ā, ko te tuatoru o ngā huānga tino kitea, e 8% o te kirinuku o te whenua. Nā te maha o ngā whakamahinga o te konumohe, koinei te konganuku e whakamahia whānuitia ana i muri i te maitai.
Te Hanganga o te Konumohe
I ahu mai te konumohe i te bauxite. Ka hurihia te bauxite ki te waikura konumohe (alumina) mā te Tukanga Bayer. Kātahi ka hurihia te alumina ki te konganuku konumohe mā te whakamahi i ngā pūtau hiko me te Tukanga Hall-Heroult.
Te Hiahia ā-Tau mō te Konumohe
Ko te hiahia o te ao mō te konumohe he tata ki te 29 miriona tana ia tau. Tata ki te 22 miriona tana he konumohe hou, ā, e 7 miriona tana he para konumohe hangarua. He mea whai hua te whakamahinga o te konumohe hangarua ki te taha ōhanga me te taha taiao. E 14,000 kWh te nui hei whakaputa i te 1 tana o te konumohe hou. I tetahi atu taha, e 5% noa iho o tēnei hei whakarewa anō me te hangarua i te 1 tana o te konumohe. Kāore he rerekētanga o te kounga i waenga i ngā koranu konumohe tauhou me ngā koranu konumohe hangarua.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Konumohe
ParakorekonumoheHe ngohengohe, he ngāwari te whakarewa, he ātete ki te waikura, ā, he nui te kawe hiko. He whānuitia te whakamahinga mō ngā taura konumohe me ngā taura kawe hiko, engari me whakakotahi ki ētahi atu huānga hei whakarato i ngā kaha teitei ake e hiahiatia ana mō ētahi atu mahi. Ko te konumohe tētahi o ngā konganuku hangarau māmā rawa atu, he pai ake te ōwehenga kaha ki te taumaha i te maitai.
Mā te whakamahi i ngā huinga o ōna āhuatanga pai pērā i te kaha, te māmā, te ātete ki te waikura, te āheinga hangarua me te āheinga hanga, kei te piki haere tonu te whakamahinga o te konumohe i roto i te maha o ngā tono. Kei roto i tēnei whānuitanga o ngā hua mai i ngā rauemi hanganga tae atu ki ngā pepa takai angiangi.
Ngā Tohunga Koranu
Ko te konumohe te mea e honoa ana ki te parahi, te konutea, te konupora, te silicon, te manganese me te lithium. Ka tāpirihia hoki he iti o te chromium, te titanium, te zirconium, te mata, te bismuth me te nickel, ā, he iti noa te rino e kitea ana i roto i ngā rahinga iti.
Neke atu i te 300 ngā koranu whakarewa, ā, e 50 kei te whakamahia whānuitia. Ko te tikanga, ka tautuhia ēnei mā te pūnaha mati-whā i ahu mai i te USA, ā, kua whakaaetia whānuitia ināianei. Kei te Ripanga 1 te pūnaha mō ngā koranu whakarewa. He rite tonu ngā tohu o ngā koranu whakarewa, ā, e whakamahi ana i te pūnaha mati-rima.
Ripanga 1.Ngā tohu mō ngā koranu konumohe whao.
| Huānga Whakakotahi | I whaohia |
|---|---|
| Kāore he (99%+ Konumohe) | 1XXX |
| Parahi | 2XXX |
| Manganēhi | 3XXX |
| Hiraka | 4XXX |
| Konupora | 5XXX |
| Konupūmā + Hiraka | 6XXX |
| Konutea | 7XXX |
| Ritiuma | 8XXX |
Mō ngā koranu konumohe kore-whakarewa kua tohua ko 1XXX, ko ngā mati e rua whakamutunga e tohu ana i te parakore o te konganuku. He rite ēnei ki ngā mati e rua whakamutunga i muri i te ira tekau ina whakaatuhia te parakore o te konumohe ki te 0.01 ōrau tata. Ko te mati tuarua e tohu ana i ngā whakarerekētanga o ngā rohe poke. Mena he kore te mati tuarua, e tohu ana i te konumohe kore-whakarewa he rohe poke tūturu, ā, ko te 1 ki te 9, e tohu ana i ngā poke takitahi, i ngā huānga whakarewa rānei.
Mō ngā rōpū 2XXX ki te 8XXX, ko ngā mati e rua whakamutunga e tohu ana i ngā koranu konumohe rerekē i roto i te rōpū. Ko te mati tuarua e tohu ana i ngā whakarerekētanga koranu. Ko te mati tuarua o te kore e tohu ana i te koranu taketake, ā, ko ngā tauoti 1 ki te 9 e tohu ana i ngā whakarerekētanga koranu karapīpiti.
Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana o te Konumohe
Te Matotoru o te Konumohe
He tata ki te hautoru te matotoru o te konumohe i te maitai, i te parahi rānei, nō reira ko tētahi o ngā konganuku māmā rawa atu e wātea ana i te mākete. Nā te ōwehenga kaha ki te taumaha teitei ka puta mai, he mea nui tēnei hei rauemi hanganga, ā, ka taea te whakanui ake i te kawenga, te penapena wahie rānei mō ngā ahumahi kawe waka.
Te Kaha o te Konumohe
Kāore he kaha kume o te konumohe parakore. Heoi, mā te tāpiri i ngā huānga whakarewa pērā i te manganese, te silicon, te parahi me te konupora ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā āhuatanga kaha o te konumohe, ā, ka puta he whakarewa me ngā āhuatanga kua whakaritea mō ngā tono motuhake.
KonumoheHe pai mō ngā taiao makariri. He painga tōna i te maitai nā te mea ka piki ake tōna kaha kume i te hekenga o te pāmahana, ā, ka mau tonu tōna pakari. I tētahi atu ringa, ka pakarukaru te maitai i ngā pāmahana iti.
Te Ātete ki te Waikura o te Konumohe
Ina pāngia e te hau, ka puta wawe tonu he paparanga waikura konumohe ki runga i te mata o te konumohe. He tino ātete tēnei paparanga ki te waikura. He ātete ki te nuinga o ngā waikawa engari he iti ake te ātete ki te kawakore.
Te Awe Wera o te Konumohe
E toru ngā wā te nui ake o te kawe wera o te konumohe i tō te maitai. Nā tēnei ka waiho te konumohe hei rauemi nui mō ngā mahi whakamatao me te whakamahana pērā i ngā whakawhiti wera. Nā te kore e paitini, ka whakamahia whānuitia te konumohe i roto i ngā taputapu tunu kai me ngā taputapu kīhini.
Te Arahi Hiko o te Konumohe
Haunga te parahi, he nui te kawe hiko o te konumohe hei whakamahi hei kawe hiko. Ahakoa he tata ki te 62% noa iho te kawe hiko o te koranu kawe hiko e whakamahia whānuitia ana (1350) o te parahi kua whakamahanahia, kotahi hautoru noa iho te taumaha, ā, ka taea e ia te kawe hiko e rua te nui atu i te parahi o te taumaha kotahi.
Te Whakaata o te Konumohe
Mai i te UV ki te infra-whero, he whakaata pai te konumohe i te pūngao hihi. Nā te whakaata mārama e kitea ana i te 80%, he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā rama. Nā ngā āhuatanga whakaata rite tonu ka putakonumohehe mea tino pai hei rauemi ārai hei tiaki i ngā hihi o te rā i te raumati, me te ārai hoki i te ngaromanga o te wera i te takurua.
Ripanga 2.Ngā āhuatanga mō te konumohe.
| Taonga | Uara |
|---|---|
| Tau Atomi | 13 |
| Taumaha Ātoma (g/mol) | 26.98 |
| Valency | 3 |
| Hanganga Karaihe | FCC |
| Te Pūwāhi Rewa (°C) | 660.2 |
| Te Pūwāhi Kohua (°C) | 2480 |
| Te Wera Motuhake Toharite (0-100°C) (cal/g.°C) | 0.219 |
| Te Arahi Wera (0-100°C) (cal/cms. °C) | 0.57 |
| Te Whai Hua o te Whānuitanga Raina (0-100°C) (x10-6/°C) | 23.5 |
| Ātete Hiko i te 20°C (Ω.cm) | 2.69 |
| Kiato (g/cm3) | 2.6898 |
| Te Tauwehenga o te Āhuatanga (GPa) | 68.3 |
| Ōwehenga Poissons | 0.34 |
Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-ringa o te Konumohe
Ka taea te whakapōturi rawa i te konumohe, engari kāore e rahua. Mā tēnei ka taea te hanga i te konumohe mā te hurihuri, te whakaputa, te kukume, te miihini me ētahi atu tukanga miihini. Ka taea hoki te whakarewa ki te taumata teitei.
Ka taea te whakamahi i te whakarewa, te mahi matao me te maimoatanga wera hei whakarite i ngā āhuatanga o te konumohe.
Ko te kaha kume o te konumohe parakore e tata ana ki te 90 MPa, engari ka taea tēnei te whakanui ake ki te neke atu i te 690 MPa mō ētahi koranu ka taea te tukatuka-wera.
Ngā Paerewa Konumohe
Kua whakakapia te paerewa tawhito BS1470 e iwa ngā paerewa EN. Kei te ripanga 4 ngā paerewa EN.
Ripanga 4.Ngā paerewa EN mō te konumohe
| Paerewa | Whānuitanga |
|---|---|
| EN485-1 | Ngā tikanga hangarau mō te tirotiro me te tuku |
| EN485-2 | Ngā āhuatanga miihini |
| EN485-3 | Ngā ātete mō ngā rauemi hurihuri wera |
| EN485-4 | Ngā ātete mō ngā rauemi hurihuri matao |
| EN515 | Ngā tohu riri |
| EN573-1 | Pūnaha tohu koranu tau |
| EN573-2 | Pūnaha tohu tohu matū |
| EN573-3 | Ngā hanganga matū |
| EN573-4 | Ngā āhua hua i roto i ngā momo koranu rerekē |
He rerekē ngā paerewa EN i te paerewa tawhito, BS1470 i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei:
- Ngā hanganga matū – kāore i rerekē.
- Pūnaha tau koranu – kāore i rerekē.
- Ko ngā tohu pāmahana mō ngā koranu ka taea te rongoā wera he whānuitanga ake o ngā pāmahana motuhake. Tae atu ki te whā mati i muri i te T kua whakaurua mō ngā tono kore-paerewa (hei tauira, T6151).
- Ngā tohu pāmahana mō ngā koranu kāore e taea te whakamahana – kāore ngā pāmahana o nāianei i rerekē engari kua whānui ake te tautuhi i ngā pāmahana e ai ki te āhua o te hanga. Ko te pāmahana ngohengohe (O) ko H111 inaianei, ā, kua whakaurua mai he pāmahana waenga H112. Mō te koranu 5251, ka whakaaturia ngā pāmahana ko H32/H34/H36/H38 (he rite ki te H22/H24, me ētahi atu). Ka whakaaturia motuhaketia inaianei ko H19/H22 me te H24.
- Ngā āhuatanga ā-ringa – ka noho rite tonu ki ngā tatauranga o mua. 0.2% Te Taunakitanga Me whakahua inaianei te taumahatanga ki ngā tiwhikete whakamātautau.
- Kua whakakahangia ngā manawanui ki ngā taumata rerekē.
Te Whakamahana i te Konumohe
He maha ngā maimoatanga wera ka taea te whakamahi ki ngā koranu konumohe:
- Te whakaōrite – te tango i te wehewehenga mā te whakamahana i muri i te whakarewanga.
- Te whakamahana – e whakamahia ana i muri i te mahi matao hei whakangawari i ngā koranu whakapakeke-mahi (1XXX, 3XXX me te 5XXX).
- Te ua, te pakeketanga rānei (ngā konukōre 2XXX, 6XXX me te 7XXX).
- Te maimoatanga wera o te otinga i mua i te koroheketanga o ngā koranu whakapakeketanga o te ua.
- Te tunu mō te whakamaroke i ngā paninga
- I muri i te maimoatanga wera, ka tāpirihia he whakamutunga ki ngā tau tohu.
- Ko te tikanga o te kupu whakamutunga F ko "he mea tito".
- Ko te tikanga o O ko "ngā hua whao kua whakawerahia".
- Ko te tikanga o te T kua "whakamahanatia".
- Ko te tikanga o te W kua tukuna te rauemi ki te wairewa mā te wera.
- Ko te H e pā ana ki ngā koranu kāore e taea te rongoā wera, ā, he mea "mahi matao" he "whakapakari rānei".
- Ko ngā koranu kāore e taea te rongoā-wera ko ērā kei roto i ngā rōpū 3XXX, 4XXX me te 5XXX.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-16-2021
